4,353 research outputs found
Kink-antikink asymmetry and impurity interactions in topological mechanical chains
We study the dynamical response of a diatomic periodic chain of rotors
coupled by springs, whose unit cell breaks spatial inversion symmetry. In the
continuum description, we derive a nonlinear field theory which admits
topological kinks and antikinks as nonlinear excitations but where a
topological boundary term breaks the symmetry between the two and energetically
favors the kink configuration. Using a cobweb plot, we develop a fixed-point
analysis for the kink motion and demonstrate that kinks propagate without the
Peierls-Nabarro potential energy barrier typically associated with lattice
models. Using continuum elasticity theory, we trace the absence of the
Peierls-Nabarro barrier for the kink motion to the topological boundary term
which ensures that only the kink configuration, and not the antikink, costs
zero potential energy. Further, we study the eigenmodes around the kink and
antikink configurations using a tangent stiffness matrix approach appropriate
for pre-stressed structures to explicitly show how the usual energy degeneracy
between the two no longer holds. We show how the kink-antikink asymmetry also
manifests in the way these nonlinear excitations interact with impurities
introduced in the chain as disorder in the spring stiffness. Finally, we
discuss the effect of impurities in the (bond) spring length and build
prototypes based on simple linkages that verify our predictions.Comment: 20 pages, 21 figure
Momentum anisotropies in the quark coalescence model
Based on the quark coalescence model, we derive relations among the momentum
anisotropies of mesons and baryons in relativistic heavy ion collisions from a
given, but arbitrary azimuthal distribution for the partons. Besides the
familiar even Fourier coefficients such as the elliptic flow, we also pay
attention to odd Fourier coefficients such as the directed flow, which has been
observed at finite rapidity even at RHIC energies.Comment: 5 page
Role of physiological ClC-1 Cl- ion channel regulation for the excitability and function of working skeletal muscle.
Electrical membrane properties of skeletal muscle fibers have been thoroughly studied over the last five to six decades. This has shown that muscle fibers from a wide range of species, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, are all characterized by high resting membrane permeability for Cl(-) ions. Thus, in resting human muscle, ClC-1 Cl(-) ion channels account for ∼80% of the membrane conductance, and because active Cl(-) transport is limited in muscle fibers, the equilibrium potential for Cl(-) lies close to the resting membrane potential. These conditions-high membrane conductance and passive distribution-enable ClC-1 to conduct membrane current that inhibits muscle excitability. This depressing effect of ClC-1 current on muscle excitability has mostly been associated with skeletal muscle hyperexcitability in myotonia congenita, which arises from loss-of-function mutations in the CLCN1 gene. However, given that ClC-1 must be drastically inhibited (∼80%) before myotonia develops, more recent studies have explored whether acute and more subtle ClC-1 regulation contributes to controlling the excitability of working muscle. Methods were developed to measure ClC-1 function with subsecond temporal resolution in action potential firing muscle fibers. These and other techniques have revealed that ClC-1 function is controlled by multiple cellular signals during muscle activity. Thus, onset of muscle activity triggers ClC-1 inhibition via protein kinase C, intracellular acidosis, and lactate ions. This inhibition is important for preserving excitability of working muscle in the face of activity-induced elevation of extracellular K(+) and accumulating inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Furthermore, during prolonged activity, a marked ClC-1 activation can develop that compromises muscle excitability. Data from ClC-1 expression systems suggest that this ClC-1 activation may arise from loss of regulation by adenosine nucleotides and/or oxidation. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the physiological factors that control ClC-1 function in active muscle
Topological mechanics of origami and kirigami
Origami and kirigami have emerged as potential tools for the design of
mechanical metamaterials whose properties such as curvature, Poisson ratio, and
existence of metastable states can be tuned using purely geometric criteria. A
major obstacle to exploiting this property is the scarcity of tools to identify
and program the flexibility of fold patterns. We exploit a recent connection
between spring networks and quantum topological states to design origami with
localized folding motions at boundaries and study them both experimentally and
theoretically. These folding motions exist due to an underlying topological
invariant rather than a local imbalance between constraints and degrees of
freedom. We give a simple example of a quasi-1D folding pattern that realizes
such topological states. We also demonstrate how to generalize these
topological design principles to two dimensions. A striking consequence is that
a domain wall between two topologically distinct, mechanically rigid structures
is deformable even when constraints locally match the degrees of freedom.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures + ~5 pages S
Nonlinear conduction via solitons in a topological mechanical insulator
Networks of rigid bars connected by joints, termed linkages, provide a
minimal framework to design robotic arms and mechanical metamaterials built out
of folding components. Here, we investigate a chain-like linkage that,
according to linear elasticity, behaves like a topological mechanical insulator
whose zero-energy modes are localized at the edge. Simple experiments we
performed using prototypes of the chain vividly illustrate how the soft motion,
initially localized at the edge, can in fact propagate unobstructed all the way
to the opposite end. We demonstrate using real prototypes, simulations and
analytical models that the chain is a mechanical conductor, whose carriers are
nonlinear solitary waves, not captured within linear elasticity. Indeed, the
linkage prototype can be regarded as the simplest example of a topological
metamaterial whose protected mechanical excitations are solitons, moving domain
walls between distinct topological mechanical phases. More practically, we have
built a topologically protected mechanism that can perform basic tasks such as
transporting a mechanical state from one location to another. Our work paves
the way towards adopting the principle of topological robustness in the design
of robots assembled from activated linkages as well as in the fabrication of
complex molecular nanostructures.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, see http://lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/~chen/kinks for
Supporting movies. v2: New section in appendix, new figure
Effect of symmetry energy on two-nucleon correlation functions in heavy-ion collisions induced by neutron-rich nuclei
Using an isospin-dependent transport model, we study the effects of nuclear
symmetry energy on two-nucleon correlation functions in heavy ion collisions
induced by neutron-rich nuclei. We find that the density dependence of the
nuclear symmetry energy affects significantly the nucleon emission times in
these collisions, leading to larger values of two-nucleon correlation functions
for a symmetry energy that has a stronger density dependence. Two-nucleon
correlation functions are thus useful tools for extracting information about
the nuclear symmetry energy from heavy ion collisions.Comment: Revised version, to appear in Phys. Rev. Let
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