Études de la subthalamotomie comme traitement des dyskinésies chez le primate parkinsonien

La présente thèse comprend une étude des mécanismes neurochimiques d’une approche chirurgicale, la subthalamotomie, pour le traitement de la maladie de Parkinson et les dyskinésies induites à la L-DOPA. Nous avons cherché à identifier, à l’aide de quelques hypothèses de recherche, les changements biochimiques dans les ganglions de la base induits par la lésion du noyau sous-thalamique. Nous avons utilisé un modèle de singe parkinsonien traité à la L-DOPA et ayant reçu une subthalamotomie unilatérale. Nos résultats démontrent que la subthalamotomie potentialise la réponse à faible dose de L-DOPA et que cette potentialisation serait entre autre régulée par le récepteur dopaminergique D1 et les récepteurs glutamatergiques métabotropiques. Ces données apportent de nouveaux éléments aidant à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de cette chirurgie pour le traitement des dyskinésies induites à la L-DOPA. De telles connaissances ouvrent la porte à de nouvelles stratégies pour augmenter la réponse chirurgicale du patient.Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus, also called subthalamotomy, is surgical therapy offered to parkinsonian patients refractory to L-DOPA or for whom L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias become disabling. Its mechanisms remain however largely unknown. In order to better understand the biochemical and cellular changes underlying subthalamotomy, we used an Parkinson’s disease animal model, the MPTP monkey. Chronic administration of L-DOPA in this animal model induces dyskinesias, as those seen in parkinsonian patients. The monkeys used in this study displayed such side effects and took part of different pharmacological trials to reduce these dyskinesias before undergoing surgery. Thus, we replicated the clinical situation where patients receive such surgery when all the other pharmacological treatments have failed. These monkeys received a unilateral subthalamotomy, the non-lesioned side served as an intra-animal control. Antiparkinsonian response to low dose of L-DOPA was potentiated by subthalamotomy. Then, we studied by autoradiography the D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors, ionotropic NMDA (NR1/NR2B) and AMPA, metabotropic mGluR2/3 and mGluR5 glutamatergic receptors, and the dopaminergic transporter (DAT) using respectively the selective radioligands [3H]-SCH-23390, [3H]-Raclopride, [3H]-Ro 25-6981, [3H]-Ro 48-8587, [3H]-LY-341495, [3H]-ABP688 and [125I]-RTI-121. We measured by in situ hybridization the D1, D2 and preproenkephalin mRNAs using oligonucleotides as well as preprodynorphin mRNA using a riboprobe. We also assessed the dopamine and its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. Finally, we measured the proteins ERK1 and ERK2, involved in intracellular signaling, and their respective phosphorylation state, as well as DARPP-32 by Western blot. Our results show that the dopamine D1 receptor, but not D2, as well as the metabotropic glutamate receptors are involved in the behavioral effects of subthalamotomy. This data suggest that the potentiation of response to L-DOPA after subthalamotomy would be due to changes in the direct pathway of the model of basal ganglia and in the subthalamic output. Our results open new and exciting pathways to explore on subthalamotomy, as well as other surgeries that are offered to disabled patients with movement disorders, whether these surgeries are lesional or with implantable stimulation devices

Biomonitoring of the genotoxic potential of aqueous extracts of soils and bottom ash resulting from municipal solid waste incineration, using the comet and micronucleus tests on amphibian (Xenopus laevis) larvae and bacterial assays (MutatoxR and Ames tests)

The management of contaminated soils and wastes is a matter of considerable human concern. The present study evaluates the genotoxic potential of aqueous extracts of two soils (leachates) and of bottom ash resulting from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWIBA percolate), using amphibian larvae (Xenopus laevis). Soil A was contaminated by residues of solvents and metals and Soil B by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals. MSWIBA was predominantly contaminated by metals. Two genotoxic endpoints were analysed in circulating erythrocytes taken from larvae: clastogenic and/or aneugenic effects (micronucleus induction) after 12 days of exposure and DNA-strand-breaking potency (comet assay) after 1 and 12 days of exposure. In addition, in vitro bacterial assays (MutatoxR and Ames tests) were carried out and the results were compared with those of the amphibian test. Physicochemical analyses were also taken into account. Results obtained with the amphibians established the genotoxicity of the aqueous extracts and the comet assay revealed that they were genotoxic from the first day of exposure. The latter test could thus be considered as a genotoxicity-screening tool. Although genotoxicity persisted after 12 days’ exposure, DNA damage decreased overall between days 1 and 12 in the MSWIBA percolate, in contrast to the soil leachates. Bacterial tests detected genotoxicity only for the leachate of soil A (Mutatox). The results confirm the ecotoxicological relevance of the amphibian model and underscore the importance of bioassays, as a complement to physicochemical data, for risk evaluation

A comprehensive model of the optical spectra of carbon nanotubes on substrate by polarized microscopy

Polarized optical microscopy and spectroscopy are progressively becoming key methods for the high-throughput characterization of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other one-dimensional nanostructures, on substrate and in devices. The optical response of CNTs on substrate in cross polarization experiments is usually limited by the polarization conservation of the optical elements in the experimental setup. We developed a theoretical model taking into account the depolarization by the setup and the optical response of the substrate. We show that proper modelization of the experimental data requires to take into account both non-coherent and coherent light depolarization by the optical elements. We also show how the nanotube signal can be decoupled from the complex reflection factor of the anti-reflection substrate which is commonly used to enhance the optical contrast. Finally, we describe an experimental protocol to extract the depolarization parameters and the complex nanotube susceptibility, and how it can improve the chirality assignment of individual carbon nanotubes in complex cases.Comment: 10 pages, 7 Figures, submitted to PRB. A supplementary information completes this pape

Creation of a control system for plasma delivery to increase determinism and robustness while processing using an ICP torch

International audienceThe Cranfield University Precision Engineering Institute team has created a unique plasma figuring capability to correct large optical surfaces at atmospheric pressure. In the context of ever increasing dimensions of optical components, there is a need for improving the robustness and securing the performance of our Plasma Delivery System (PDS). The current PDS is based on an inductive output L type RF circuit, Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torch and computer numerically controlled (CNC) motion system. The combination of optical component surface areas and the nature of the sub-aperture plasma tool lead to significant processing duration. This atmospheric pressure processing environment is more cost-effective than vacuum chamber based ones which are often used by competitors. However it requires deep awareness and fine understanding of technologies used. Based on the knowledge acquired for the past eight years, we have created a smart control system for our unique PDS that equips a machine called Helios1200. This novel control system aims at securing the process determinism and assisting the machine operator by tuning some key electrical components of the RF network and monitoring some processing parameters. Furthermore, specific assistance is provided during the different phases of the plasma processing. This paper describes the main design aspects

Précarités en France : Éléments d’analyse auprès de deux populations masculines d’outsiders

La précarité se conjugue au pluriel. Deux populations masculines (jeune à la rue et âgée en résidence) sont analysées sous l’angle de leurs processus identitaires, leurs consommations addictives et leurs rapports au travail. Cette sociologie des Outsiders combine les acquis d’Elias et de Becker pour tenter de mieux comprendre les situations précaires et leurs dynamiques individuelles et collectives.Precariousness is plural. Of no fixed abode young and older men are analyzed about identity process, addictions and sense of work. Outsiders’ sociology articulate Elias and Becker theories to analyze precariousness situations, individual or collective trends

Précarités en France : Éléments d’analyse auprès de deux populations masculines d’outsiders

La précarité se conjugue au pluriel. Deux populations masculines (jeune à la rue et âgée en résidence) sont analysées sous l’angle de leurs processus identitaires, leurs consommations addictives et leurs rapports au travail. Cette sociologie des Outsiders combine les acquis d’Elias et de Becker pour tenter de mieux comprendre les situations précaires et leurs dynamiques individuelles et collectives.Precariousness is plural. Of no fixed abode young and older men are analyzed about identity process, addictions and sense of work. Outsiders’ sociology articulate Elias and Becker theories to analyze precariousness situations, individual or collective trends

Quantum capacitance governs electrolyte conductivity in carbon nanotubes

In recent experiments, unprecedentedly large values for the conductivity of electrolytes through carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been measured, possibly owing to flow slip and a high pore surface charge density whose origin is still unknown. By accounting for the coupling between the {quantum} CNT and the {classical} electrolyte-filled pore capacitances, we study the case where a gate voltage is applied to the CNT. The computed surface charge and conductivity dependence on reservoir salt concentration and gate voltage are intimately connected to the CNT electronic density of states. This approach provides key insight into why metallic CNTs have larger conductivities than semi-conducting ones

Increased mortality in hematological malignancy patients with acute respiratory failure from undetermined etiology : a Groupe de Recherche en Réanimation Respiratoire en Onco-Hématologique (Grrr-OH) study

Background: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is the most frequent complication in patients with hematological malignancies and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. ARF etiologies are numerous, and despite extensive diagnostic workflow, some patients remain with undetermined ARF etiology. Methods: This is a post-hoc study of a prospective multicenter cohort performed on 1011 critically ill hematological patients. Relationship between ARF etiology and hospital mortality was assessed using a multivariable regression model adjusting for confounders. Results: This study included 604 patients with ARF. All patients underwent noninvasive diagnostic tests, and a bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in 155 (25.6%). Definite diagnoses were classified into four exclusive etiological categories: pneumonia (44.4%), non-infectious diagnoses (32.6%), opportunistic infection (10.1%) and undetermined (12.9%), with corresponding hospital mortality rates of 40, 35, 55 and 59%, respectively. Overall hospital mortality was 42%. By multivariable analysis, factors associated with hospital mortality were invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (OR 7.57 (95% CI 3.06-21.62); p 7 (OR 3.32 (95% CI 2.15-5.15); p < 0.005) and an undetermined ARF etiology (OR 2.92 (95% CI 1.71-5.07); p < 0.005). Conclusions: In patients with hematological malignancies and ARF, up to 13% remain with undetermined ARF etiology despite comprehensive diagnostic workup. Undetermined ARF etiology is independently associated with hospital mortality. Studies to guide second-line diagnostic strategies are warranted

Quantifying the performances of SU-8 microfluidic devices: high liquid water tightness, long-term stability, and vacuum compatibility

Despite several decades of development, microfluidics lacks a sealing material that can be readily fabricated, leak-tight under high liquid water pressure, stable over a long time, and vacuum compatible. In this paper, we report the performances of a micro-scale processable sealing material for nanofluidic/microfluidics chip fabrication, which enables us to achieve all these requirements. We observed that micrometric walls made of SU-8 photoresist, whose thickness can be as low as 35 $\mu$m, exhibit water pressure leak-tightness from 1.5 bar up to 5.5 bar, no water porosity even after 2 months of aging, and are able to sustain under $10^{-5}$ mbar vacuum. This sealing material is therefore reliable and versatile for building microchips, part of which must be isolated from liquid water under pressure or vacuum. Moreover, the fabrication process we propose does not require the use of aggressive chemicals or high-temperature or high-energy plasma treatment. It thus opens a new perspective to seal microchips where delicate surfaces such as nanomaterials are present