Analyse protéomique et fonctionnelle des structures de Maurer, un compartiment sécrétoire de Plasmodium falciparum impliqué dans son développement érythrocytaire

The erythrocytic development of P. falciparum, the causative agent of malaria, is responsible for all the symptoms. The parasite blood stages posses several organelles; among them, we focused on the Maurer's clefts, a secretory compartment located in the erythrocyte cytoplasm, which has characteristics of a Golgi apparatus, and participates in the transport of parasite proteins to the erythrocyte membrane. We have undertaken a functional and proteomic study of this compartment. We identified, using a global proteomic approach, several Maurer's clefts proteins whose biological function is being further characterised. Moreover, the characterisation of the interaction between PfSBP1, a transmembrane protein of the Maurer's clefts, and LANCL1, an erythrocyte protein, sheds light on the interactions between the Maurer's clefts and the erythrocyte membrane.Le développement érythrocytaire de Plasmodium falciparum, l'agent du paludisme, est responsable de tous les symptômes liés à la maladie. Les formes sanguines du parasite possèdent plusieurs organites qui se sont révélés essentiels au développement intra-érythrocytaire. Parmi ceux-ci, nous nous sommes intéressés à un compartiment tout à fait original connu sous le nom de structures de Maurer. Ce compartiment, qui présente des caractéristiques de Golgi, est localisé dans le cytoplasme de la cellule hôte et assure le transfert de protéines parasitaires à la membrane érythrocytaire. Les structures de Maurer participent notamment au transport des protéines parasitaires liées au phénomène de cytoadhérence, qui est à l'origine du neuropaludisme. Notre travail a de plus permis de montrer leur rôle dans la libération des mérozoïtes infectieux. Nous avons entrepris une étude protéomique et fonctionnelle de ce compartiment afin de mieux comprendre son rôle biologique et d'identifier des enzymes essentielles au parasite, qui pourraient être validées comme cibles chimio-thérapeutiques. Nos études ont identifié dans ces structures la protéine RhopH2 qui semble présenter une activité sérine protéase dont nous poursuivons la caractérisation. Nous avons également, par une approche protéomique globale, identifié près de 50 protéines parasitaires dans des préparations de fantômes de globules rouges parasités, qui contiennent la membrane plasmique et le squelette sous-membranaire érythrocytaire ainsi que les structures de Maurer. Cette étude, ainsi que la caractérisation de l'interaction entre PfSBP1, protéine intégrale de la membrane des structures de Maurer, et LANCL1, protéine du squelette sous membranaire érythrocytaire, permettent de préciser les modalités d'interaction entre structures de Maurer et membrane plasmique de la cellule hôte du parasite. À terme, notre analyse devrait permettre de mieux comprendre le rôle biologique des structures de Maurer ainsi que les voies d'adressage des protéines parasitaires à ce compartiment extracellulaire tout à fait original

Analyse protéomique et fonctionnelle des structures de Maurer, un compartiment sécrétoire de Plasmodium falciparum impliqué dans son développement érythrocytaire

PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

De l’importance des organismes modèles pour l’étude des cils et des flagelles

International audienceCilia and flagella are ubiquitous organelles that protrude from the surfaces of many cells, and whose architecture is highly conserved from protists to humans. These complex organelles, composed of over 500 proteins, can be either immotile or motile. They are involved in a myriad of biological processes, including sensing (non-motile cilia) and/or cell motility or movement of extracellular fluids (motile cilia). The ever-expanding list of human diseases linked to defective cilia illustrates the functional importance of cilia and flagella. These ciliopathies are characterised by an impressive diversity of symptoms and an often complex genetic etiology. A precise knowledge of cilia and flagella biology is thus critical to better understand these pathologies. However, multi-ciliated cells are terminally differentiated and difficult to manipulate, and a primary cilium is assembled only when the cell exits from the cell cycle. In this context the use of model organisms, that relies on the high degree of structural but also of molecular conservation of these organelles across evolution, is instrumental to decipher the many facets of cilia and flagella biology. In this review, we highlight the specific strengths of the main model organisms to investigate the molecular composition, mode of assembly, sensing and motility mechanisms and functions of cilia and flagella. Pioneering studies carried out in the green alga Chlamydomonas established the link between cilia and several genetic diseases. Moreover, multicellular organisms such as mouse, zebrafish, Xenopus, C. elegans or Drosophila, and protists like Paramecium, Tetrahymena and Trypanosoma or Leishmania each bring specific advantages to the study of cilium biology. For example, the function of genes involved in primary ciliary dyskinesia (due to defects in ciliary motility) can be efficiently assessed in trypanosomes.La plupart des cellules de mammifères ont la capacité d’assembler un ou plusieurs cils au cours du cycle cellulaire. Les cils immobiles, dont les cils primaires, participent à de nombreux processus sensoriels, alors que les cils mobiles sont essentiellement impliqués dans le déplacement cellulaire et la mise en mouvement de fluides extracellulaires. La longue liste de maladies dues à des défauts ciliaires met en exergue l’importance fonctionnelle de ces structures. Ces ciliopathies sont caractérisées par une impressionnante diversité de symptômes, et une étiologie génétique souvent complexe. La connaissance précise de la biologie des cils et flagelles s’avère donc essentielle pour la compréhension de ces maladies. Ces organites sont remarquablement conservés au cours de l’évolution eucaryote. Dans cette revue, nous illustrons l’importance de l’utilisation d’organismes modèles appropriés pour l’étude de divers aspects de la biologie des cils et flagelles : composition moléculaire, mode d’assemblage, mais aussi fonctions sensorielles et de motilité. Des études pionnières menées sur l’algue verte Chlamydomonas ont établi le lien entre les cils et certaines maladies génétiques. De plus, des organismes multicellulaires tels la souris, le poisson zèbre, le xénope, le nématode C. elegans ou la drosophile, ainsi que des protistes comme Paramecium, Tetrahymena et Trypanosoma ou Leishmania offrent chacun des atouts spécifiques pour l’étude de la biologie du cil. En particulier, des études fonctionnelles menées chez le trypanosome ont permis de caractériser la fonction de gènes impliqués dans les dyskinésies ciliaires primitives, une ciliopathie due à un défaut de mobilité des cils

1001 model organisms to study cilia and flagella

International audienceMost mammalian cell types have the potential to assemble at least one cilium. Immotile cilia participate in numerous sensing processes, while motile cilia are involved in cell motility and movement of extracellular fluid. The functional importance of cilia and flagella is highlighted by the growing list of diseases due to cilia defects. These ciliopathies are marked by an amazing diversity of clinical manifestations and an often complex genetic aetiology. To understand these pathologies, a precise comprehension of the biology of cilia and flagella is required. These organelles are remarkably well conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution. In this review, we describe the strengths of various model organisms to decipher diverse aspects of cilia and flagella biology: molecular composition, mode of assembly, sensing and motility mechanisms and functions. Pioneering studies carried out in the green alga Chlamydomonas established the link between cilia and several genetic diseases. Moreover, multicellular organisms such as mouse, zebrafish, Xenopus, Caenorhabditis elegans or Drosophila, and protists such as Paramecium, Tetrahymena and Trypanosoma or Leishmania each bring specific advantages to the study of cilium biology. For example, the function of genes involved in primary ciliary dyskinesia (due to defects in ciliary motility) can be efficiently assessed in trypanosomes

Protein phosphatase 1, a Plasmodium falciparum essential enzyme, is exported to the host cell and implicated in the release of infectious merozoites

International audienceThe malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum transposes a Golgi-like compartment, referred to as Maurer's clefts, into the cytoplasm of its host cell, the erythrocyte, and delivering parasite molecules to the host cell surface. We report here a novel role of the Maurer's clefts implicating a parasite protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and related to the phosphorylation status of P. falciparum skeleton-binding protein 1 (PfSBP1), a trans-membrane protein of the clefts interacting with the host cell membrane via its carboxy-terminal domain. Based on co-immunoprecipitation and inhibition studies, we show that the parasite PP1 type phosphatase modulates the phosphorylation status of the amino-terminal domain of PfSBP1 in the lumen of Maurer's clefts. Importantly, the addition of a PP1 inhibitor, calyculin A, to late schizonts results in the hyperphosphorylation of PfSBP1 and prevents parasite release from the host cell. We propose that the hyperphosphorylation of PfSBP1 interferes with the release of merozoites, the invasive blood stage of the parasite, by increasing the red cell membrane stability. Moreover, the parasite PP1 phosphatase is the first enzyme essential for the parasite development detected in the Maurer's clefts

Plasmodium sporozoites on the move: Switching from cell traversal to productive invasion of hepatocytes

International audienceParasites of the genus Plasmodium, the etiological agent of malaria, are transmitted through the bite of anopheline mosquitoes, which deposit sporozoites into the host skin. Sporozoites migrate through the dermis, enter the bloodstream, and rapidly traffic to the liver. They cross the liver sinusoidal barrier and traverse several hepatocytes before switching to productive invasion of a final one for replication inside a parasitophorous vacuole. Cell traversal and productive invasion are functionally independent processes that require proteins secreted from specialized secretory organelles known as micronemes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how sporozoites traverse through cells and productively invade hepatocytes, and discuss the role of environmental sensing in switching from a migratory to an invasive state. We propose that timely controlled secretion of distinct microneme subsets could play a key role in successful migration and infection of hepatocytes. A better understanding of these essential biological features of the Plasmodium sporozoite may contribute to the development of new strategies to fight against the very first and asymptomatic stage of malaria

LANCL1, an erythrocyte protein recruited to the Maurer's clefts during Plasmodium falciparum development.

International audienceAs the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum develops inside the erythrocyte, parasite-derived membrane structures, referred to as Maurer's clefts, play an important role in parasite development by delivering parasite proteins to the host cell surface, and participating in the assembly of the cytoadherence complex, essential for the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. PfSBP1 is an integral membrane protein of the clefts, interacting with an erythrocyte cytosolic protein, identified here as the human Lantibiotic synthetase component C-like protein LANCL1. LANCL1 is specifically recruited to the surface of Maurer's clefts in P. falciparum mature blood stages. We propose that the interaction between PfSBP1 and LANCL1 is central for late steps of the parasite development to prevent premature rupture of the red blood cell membrane

Proteomic analysis identifies novel proteins of the Maurer's clefts, a secretory compartment delivering Plasmodium falciparum proteins to the surface of its host cell.

International audienceA novel method was validated for the efficient distinction between malaria parasite-derived and host cell proteins in mass spectrometry analyses. This method was applied to a ghost fraction from Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes containing the red blood cell plasma membrane, the erythrocyte submembrane skeleton, and the Maurer's clefts, a Golgi-like apparatus linked to and addressing parasite proteins to the host cell surface. This method allowed the identification of 78 parasite proteins. Among these we identified seven novel proteins of the Maurer's clefts based on immunofluorescence studies and proteinase K digestion assays. The products of six contiguous genes located on chromosome 5 were identified, and the location within the Maurer's clefts was established for two of them. This suggests a clustering of genes encoding Maurer's cleft proteins. Our study sheds new light on the biological function of the Maurer's clefts, which are central to the pathogenesis and to the intraerythrocytic development of P. falciparum