Secretion of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoproteins Depends on Assembly of Apolipoprotein B Positive Lipoproteins

The density of circulating hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles in the blood of chronically infected patients is very heterogeneous. The very low density of some particles has been attributed to an association of the virus with apolipoprotein B (apoB) positive and triglyceride rich lipoproteins (TRL) likely resulting in hybrid lipoproteins known as lipo-viro-particles (LVP) containing the viral envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2, capsid and viral RNA. The specific infectivity of these particles has been shown to be higher than the infectivity of particles of higher density. The nature of the association of HCV particles with lipoproteins remains elusive and the role of apolipoproteins in the synthesis and assembly of the viral particles is unknown. The human intestinal Caco-2 cell line differentiates in vitro into polarized and apoB secreting cells during asymmetric culture on porous filters. By using this cell culture system, cells stably expressing E1 and E2 secreted the glycoproteins into the basal culture medium after one week of differentiation concomitantly with TRL secretion. Secreted glycoproteins were only detected in apoB containing density fractions. The E1–E2 and apoB containing particles were unique complexes bearing the envelope glycoproteins at their surface since apoB could be co-immunoprecipitated with E2-specific antibodies. Envelope protein secretion was reduced by inhibiting the lipidation of apoB with an inhibitor of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. HCV glycoproteins were similarly secreted in association with TRL from the human liver cell line HepG2 but not by Huh-7 and Huh-7.5 hepatoma cells that proved deficient for lipoprotein assembly. These data indicate that HCV envelope glycoproteins have the intrinsic capacity to utilize apoB synthesis and lipoprotein assembly machinery even in the absence of the other HCV proteins. A model for LVP assembly is proposed

Association des glycoprotéines du Virus de l'Hépatite C et des apoB lipoprotéines (Vers un modèle de biosynthèse des lipo-viro-particules)

La densité des particules du virus de lhépatite C circulant dans le sang des patients infectés est très hétérogène. La densité très légère de certaines particules est liée à l'association du virus aux apoB lipoprotéines riches en triglycérides (TRL), formant une lipoprotéine hybride appelée lipo-viro-particule (LVP), contenant les glycoprotéines d'enveloppes virales E1 et E2, la capside et l'ARN viral. L'infectivité spécifique de ces particules légères est supérieure à celle des particules de plus forte densité. Le rôle des apolipoprotéines dans la synthèse et l'assemblage des particules virales est inconnu. Les cellules Caco-2 se différentient in vitro en enterocytes sécrétant de l'apoB dans des conditions particulières de culture. Après différentiation, les cellules exprimant E1 et E2 de manière stable sécrètent ces dernières de façon concomitante à la sécrétion des TRL. Elles sont détectées uniquement dans les fractions de densité contenant l'apoB et celle-ci peut être co-immunoprécipitée avec des anticorps anti-E2. Cette association avec l'apoB est aussi visualisée en microscopie électronique. La sécrétion de E1 et E2 est réduite lorsqu'on inhibe la production des TRL. E1 et E2 sont sécrétées en association avec les TRL aussi dans la lignée HepG2, mais pas dans les lignées d'hépatome Huh-7 et Huh-7.5 qui s'avèrent déficientes dans l'assemblage des lipoprotéines. E1 et E2 ont donc la capacité intrinsèque d'utiliser la machinerie d'assemblage des lipoprotéines. Un modèle d'assemblage des LVP est proposé. Les particules produites par les Caco-2 sont capables de fusionner avec des liposomes de manière dose et pH dépendante, mais pas celles produites par les Huh-7.5.The density of circulating hepatitis C virus particles in the blood of chronically infected patients is very heterogeneous. The very low density of some particles is linked to an association of the virus with apolipoprotein B (apoB) positive and triglyceride rich lipoproteins (TRL), resulting in hybrid lipoproteins known as lipo-viro-particles (LVP) containing the viral envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2, capsid and viral RNA. The specific infectivity of these particles has been shown to be higher than the infectivity of particles of higher density. The role of apolipoproteins in the synthesis and assembly of the viral particles is unknown? The intestinal Caco-2 cell line diferentiates in vitro into enterocyte in special conditions o culture. After one week of differentiation, Caco-2 cells stably expressing E1 and E2 secreted E1 and E2 concomitantly with TRL secretion. Secreted E1 and E2 were only detected in apoB containing density fractions. ApoB could be co-immunoprecipitated with E2-specific antibodies. ApoB and E2 association on TRL surface is also confirmed by immuno-gold labeling by using electron microscopy. E1 and E2 secretion was reduced by inhibiting the secretion of TRL. E1 and E2 were similary secreted in association with TRL from the human liver cell line HepG2 but not by Huh-7 and Huh-7.5 hepatoma cells that proved deficient for lipoprotein assembly. E1 and E2 have thus the intrinsic capacity to utilize apoB synthesis and lipoprotein assembly machinery. A model for LVP assembly is proposed. The particles secreted by Caco-2 cells are able to fuse with liposomes in a dose and pH dependent way, whereas the particles secreted by Huh-7.5 cells are not.LYON-ENS Sciences (693872304) / SudocSudocFranceF

Néphropathie associée au BK virus chez les transplantés rénaux (évaluation de la PCR quantitative sérique et valeur relative par rapport aux decoy cells urinaires)

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Comparison of HIV-1 drug-resistance genotyping by ultra-deep sequencing and sanger sequencing using clinical samples

International audienceSanger population sequencing (SPS) is the reference technique to monitor HIV-1-infected patients' therapy. Ultra-deep sequencing (UDS), which allows quantitative detection of drug resistance mutations, may be an alternative method. The study aimed to compare reproducibility and predictions of UDS versus SPS in a routine setting. A control containing low-abundance variants was repeatedly tested and clinical plasma samples from 100 patients were prospectively assayed by SPS and UDS using the Roche 454 system. Complete analysis by UDS was available for 88% of samples with various viral loads and subtypes. Comparison of detection thresholds found that SPS sensitivity was variable. Variations found by UDS between 5% to \textgreater20% were detected by SPS in 25% to more than 80% of samples. At the 5% cut-off, disagreements were rare and in most cases UDS detected an additional protease secondary mutation, suggesting a possible resistance to a protease inhibitor according to the 2015 ANRS algorithm. Mutations found on reverse transcriptase by only UDS were often explained by previous therapy. UDS with a variant detection threshold at 5% might allow therapy management with minimal differences compared to population sequencing while providing additional information for further determination of pertinent cutoff values for specific resistance mutations

Comparison of eight commercial, high-throughput, automated or ELISA assays detecting SARS-CoV-2 IgG or total antibody

International audienceBackground: Many commercial assays, of different designs, detecting SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies exist but with little experience with them.Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the performance of assays detecting IgG or total antibodies to N or S antigens, validated for routine use in France, with samples from subjects with more or less severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.Methods: Eight assays were used: Abbott Architect, DiaSorin Liaison®, bioMérieux Vidas®, Roche Elecsys Cobas®, Siemens Atellica®, BioRad Platelia ELISA, Epitope Diagnostics ELISA, and Wantai ELISA. The tested population included 86 samples from 40 hospitalized subjects and 28 outpatients at different time from symptom onset.Results: The positivity rate varied depending on the assay but was greater for all assays in hospitalized than non-hospitalized patients. Despite a good correlation between the assays, discrepancies occurred, without a systematic origin, even for samples taken more than 20 days after symptom onset. These discrepancies were linked to low antibody levels in pauci-symptomatic patients.Conclusion: Whichever assay is chosen, a false negative result may need to be ruled out with another test in a risk situation

A case of Mayaro virus infection imported from French Guiana

International audienceEmergence of arboviruses is a rising problem in several areas in the world. Here we report a case of Mayaro virus infection that was diagnosed in a French citizen presenting a dengue-like syndrome with prolonged arthralgia following a travel in French Guiana. Diagnosis was based on serological testing, a newly developed specific RT-PCR and sequencing. The real incidence of this viral infection among travelers is poorly known but this case is the first reported in a European area where Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are established, which underscores the necessity to determine the vector competence of the European strain of this mosquito species for Mayaro virus