Revalidation of Pedaliodes lithochalcis BUTLER & DRUCE, description of a new species from Peru and Bolivia and of a new subspecies of P. napaea BATES from Honduras (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae : Satyrinae)

Pedaliodes lithochalcis, occurring in Costa Rica and Panama, has been considered for more than a century a junior synonym of P. dejecta from Guatemala. It is reinstated here as a valid species. It is shown that the two species belong to different groups of species with sympatric representatives throughout Central America and the Andes characterized by common characters of adult morphology, particularly the male genitalia. Pedaliodes lithochalcis is closely related to P. napaea whose new subspecies, P. napaea naksi n. ssp., is described from the Celaque massif in Honduras. It is the first cloud forest Satyrinae butterfly described from this country. Pedaliodes dejecta is related to another Mesoamerican species, P. ereiba, and to P. pomponia from Ecuador and to a new species, P. peregrina n. sp., from Peru and Bolivia

New pronophiline butterflies from the Venezuelan tepuyes (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Volume: 53Start Page: 90End Page: 9

Description and life history of Pedaliodes zingara, a new satyrine species from Colombia (Nymphalidae)

Volume: 58Start Page: 80End Page: 8

Panyapedaliodes panyasis Hewitson

Panyapedaliodes panyasis (Hewitson) (Figs. 19, 20) [Dasynympha scia Moritz in litt.] nomen nudum; Viloria et al., 2001: 33. Pronophila panyasis Hewitson, 1862: 7, pl. 3, fig. 22. 1 male, [Venezuela], HC, BMNH type No. Rh. 3970 [LECTOTYPE of Pronophila panyasis Hewitson, herein designated]; 1 male, Venezuela, HC, (slide No. 29540) [PARALECTOTYPE of P. panyasis Hew., herein designated], BMNH. Pedaliodes panyasis (Hewitson); Butler, 1867: 267. Panyapedaliodes panyasis (Hewitson); Forster, 1964: 157. Geographic range: Species (monotypic): SL, CM, ET, throughout Colombia, Ecuador, eastern Peru and Bolivia. Altitudinal range: 2000–2600 m (Pyrcz & Wojtusiak, 1999, 2002; Pyrcz, 2004); 2000–2450 m. Remarks: The genus Panyapedaliodes Forster comprises approximately 15 Andean species (Pyrcz, 2004). P. panyasis is its only representative in the surveyed area. This is a fairly widespread species, although in most sampled localities it is uncommon or rare (Adams & Bernard, 1981). In the CC it is rather infrequent and occurs at higher elevations than most other members of the subtribe Pronophilina. Most individuals were collected above 2200 m. Material examined: ARAGUA: 4 females: Colonia Tovar, 2100m, 01.XI. 1997, P. Boyer leg., TWP; 1 male: same data but 2000 m, 18.V. 1993, M. Costa leg., TWP; 1 male: same data but 2000–2050m, 20.V. 2001, M. Costa leg., TWP; 2 males: same data but 2100–2150m, 31.I. 2004, M. Costa leg., TWP; 3 males and 1 female: same data but 2100–2150m, 07.III. 2004, M. Costa leg., TWP; 1 female: same data but 2100–2150m, 25.IV. 2004, M. Costa leg., TWP; 1 female: Colonia Tovar, vía Buenos Aires, 2100 m, 14.V. 1996, J. DeMarmels leg., MIZA; 1 male: Colonia Tovar, 2000 m, 22.IX. 2002, M. Costa leg., MCC; 3 males: Colonia Tovar, 2100 m, 14.III. 2004, M. Costa leg., MCC; 2 males: Colonia Tovar, 2000 m, 22.V. 2005, M. Costa leg., MCC; MIRANDA: 1 female: Pico Naiguatá, N. of Caracas, 2700–2765 m, 17.V. 1975, M. Adams leg., BMNH.Published as part of Viloria, Angel L., Pyrcz, Tomasz W. & Orellana, Andrés, 2010, A survey of the Neotropical montane butterflies of the subtribe Pronophilina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the Venezuelan Cordillera de la Costa, pp. 1-41 in Zootaxa 2622 on page 14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19811

Pronophila thelebe Doubleday

Pronophila thelebe Doubleday (Figs. 31, 32) Pronophila thelebe Doubleday, [1849]: pl. 60, fig. 3. Syntype (s) in BMNH [examined]. Geographic range: Species: CC (monotypic). Altitudinal range: 1800–2600 m. Remarks: This is the second endemic species of the genus Pronophila in the CC, and it is very common in mid-elevation cloud forests. It patrols in the subcanopy, but some readily come down to the ground to feed on urine, dung and rotten fruits. It is not as confined to dense cloud forest as P. obscura. Pronophila thelebe is related to P. epidipnis Thieme from the CM and the main Andes, and also, which is biogeographically intriguing, to P. isobelae Pyrcz, an endemic species of the western slopes of the Andes in Ecuador (Pyrcz, 1999). Material examined: DISTRITO FEDERAL: 1 male: Serranía El Avila, Los Venados, 1500 m, 15.VII. 1950, F. Fernández Y. leg., MIZA; 1 male: Serranía El Avila, Naiguatá, 1400 m, 19.IV. 1950, F. Fernández Y. leg., MIZA; 1 male: P. N. El Avila-Caracas, 1500 m, 15.VII. 1979, D. Baiocchi leg., MIZA; ARAGUA: 2 males: Colonia Tovar, 2000 m 04.XII. 1950, F. Fernández Y. leg., MIZA; 1 male: Colonia Tovar, 1800 m, 05.II. 1955, F. Rondón leg., MIZA; 4 males: Aragua, Colonia Tovar, 1800 m, 25.IX. 1953, F. Fernández Y. leg., MIZA; 1 male: Colonia Tovar, 27.XII. 1953, P. J. Salinas leg., MIZA; 2 males: Colonia Tovar, vía Cuesta Maya, 2000 m, 25–26.III. 1998, A. Chacón, Q. Arias y J. Chirinos leg., MIZA; 1 male: Colonia Tovar, vía Cuesta Maya, 2100 m, 21.XI. 1996, J. DeMarmels leg., MIZA; 1 female: Colonia Tovar, 08.I. 1989, J. González leg., MIZA; 1 female: Colonia Tovar, vía Cuesta Maya, 2000 m, 25–26.III. 1998, A. Chacón, Q. Arias y J. Chirinos leg., MIZA; 1 female: carretera Maracay-Choroní, 1000 m, 01.XII. 1973, J. Salcedo and A. Fernández leg., MIZA; 3 males and 2 females: Colonia Tovar, Los Colonos, 2100–2150 m, 06.VIII. 2003, T. Pyrcz leg., TWP; 4 males: Colonia Tovar, 2100 m, III. 1995, F. Romero leg., FRR; 2 males and 7 females: same data but IV. 1995, FRR; 2 males: same data but VI. 1975, FRR; 1 male: same data 2100 m, VI. 1982, FRR; 1 male: carretera Maracay-Choroní, 1450 m, IX. 1978, F. Romero leg., FRR; 1 male: Colonia Tovar, 1800 m, 23.V. 1975, M. Adams leg., BMNH; MIRANDA: 1 male: Capachal, vía Colonia Tovar, 2150 m, 11.VIII. 1984, J. Lattke leg., MIZA; 1 female: Pico Naiguatá, N. of Caracas, 2700 m, 17.V. 1975, M. Adams leg., BMNH; 1 female: Pico Naiguatá, N. of Caracas, 1900 m, 18.V. 1975, M. Adams leg., BMNH; 2 males: 1 female: Pico Naiguatá, N. of Caracas, 1500–1900 m, 15.V. 1975, M. Adams leg., BMNH; 1 male: 1 female: Pico Naiguatá, N. of Caracas, 2700 m, 16.V. 1975, M. Adams leg., BMNH; CARABOBO: 1 female: Hda. Monte Sacro, Chrigua, 1700 m, 24.V. 1976, M. Gadou leg., MIZA (doubtful data).Published as part of Viloria, Angel L., Pyrcz, Tomasz W. & Orellana, Andrés, 2010, A survey of the Neotropical montane butterflies of the subtribe Pronophilina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the Venezuelan Cordillera de la Costa, pp. 1-41 in Zootaxa 2622 on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19811

Steroma bega subsp. bega Westwood

Steroma bega bega Westwood (Figs. 53, 54) Steroma bega Westwood, [1851]: 66, fig. 6. Syntype (male) in BMNH [examined]. Geographic range: Species: CC, throughout Colombia, north-western and eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru and Bolivia; Subspecies: CC, CM, SP, EC (east slopes). Altitudinal range: 1800–2700 m (Adams, 1986); 2250–2900 m (Pyrcz & Wojtusiak, 2002); 2000–2700 m (Pyrcz, 2004); 1700–2400 m. Remarks: S. bega is the only representative of the genus in the CC. It is a small, brown, inconspicuous butterfly with a characteristic cryptic HWV pattern resembling lichens or mosses, which it exposes in lateral basking behaviour. It may easily be overlooked, and actually it is much more common than usually thought. It flies slowly and close to the ground, being active in sunny weather only. It comes to a number of baits consisting of decomposing organic matter. In the CC, it occurs above 1800 m, but in some Andean localities it was found as low as 1400 m (Pyrcz, unpubl.). Material examined: DISTRITO FEDERAL: 2 males: Pico Naiguatá, 2765, 24.III. 1978, A. Montagne, leg., MIZA; 1 male: P. N. El Avila, Est. Teleférico, 16.VI. 1983, MIZA; MIRANDA: 1 male: Pico Naiguatá, N. of Caracas, 2200 m, 13.V. 1975, M. Adams leg., BMNH; 1 female: Pico Naiguatá, N. of Caracas, 2700 m, 16.V. 1975, M. Adams leg., BMNH; ARAGUA: 1 male: Colonia Tovar, 2100 m, 22.V. 1975, M. Adams leg., BMNH; 1 female: Colonia Tovar, 1800 m, 23.V. 1975, M. Adams leg., BMNH; 1 male: Colonia Tovar, vía Cuesta Maya, 2100 m, 14.V. 1996, J. DeMarmels leg., MIZA; 2 males: Capachal, vía Colonia Tovar, 2150 m, 11.VIII. 1984, J. Lattke leg., MIZA; 1 female: Colonia Tovar, II. 1994, V. Colmenares leg., MIZA; 3 males and 2 females: Colonia Tovar, 2100 m, IV. 1982, F. Romero leg., FRR; 2 males: same data but IV. 1993, FRR; 1 male: same data but IV. 1970, FRR; 1 female: same data but 2200 m, VII. 1993, FRR; 1 female: Colonia Tovar, Capachal, 2050 m, 22.II. 2010, T. Pyrcz leg., MZUJ.Published as part of Viloria, Angel L., Pyrcz, Tomasz W. & Orellana, Andrés, 2010, A survey of the Neotropical montane butterflies of the subtribe Pronophilina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the Venezuelan Cordillera de la Costa, pp. 1-41 in Zootaxa 2622 on page 26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19811

Pedaliodes piletha subsp. costae Viloria & Pyrcz, n. ssp.

Pedaliodes piletha costae Viloria & Pyrcz n. ssp. (Figs. 7, 8, 62) Diagnosis: This subspecies differs immediately from the nominate P. piletha, P. suspiro Adams & Bernard, and P. japhleta Butler in the absence of HWD white anal wedge. Description: MALE (Fig. 7): Head: eyes chocolate brown; palpi covered ventrally with blackish-brown, and laterally with short, yellow hair; antennae to two-fifth the length of costa, reddish-brown, club slightly thicker than shaft, terminal segments dark brown. Thorax: black; legs dark brown. Abdomen: dark brown, ventrally slightly lighter. Wings: FW length: 25–27 mm; mean: 26.2 mm; n= 8; apex blunt, outer margin wavy between apex and vein M 2, from M 2 to tornus straight. HW rounded with outer margin slightly wavy. FWD: uniform dark brown, lustrous. HWD: uniform dark brown. FWV: dark brown, glossy in median area with a chestnut orange sheen; in some individuals a faint postdiscal whitish streak. HWV: dark brown, dull and a shade darker than on the HWV; a short whitish streak at mid-costa; postmedian to submarginal area very slightly lighter and suffused with sparse whitish scales; a white submarginal dot in Cu 1 -Cu 2. Male genitalia (Fig. 62): Uncus stout and short, two-thirds the length of tegumen, with a sharp apex curved downwards, slightly broader than in the nominate P. piletha, otherwise similar; valvae roughly rectangular, apex blunt, dorsa without any prominent dorsal process, instead a single, minute spine, slightly smoother than the serrate dorsal surface of the nominate P. piletha; saccus deeper than in the nominate P. piletha; aedeagus thin and contorted similar to the nominate subspecies. FEMALE (Fig. 8): Head, thorax and abdomen as in male. FW length 23 mm. FWD and HWD: uniform chocolate brown, lustrous. FWV: ground color blackish brown, suffused with ligther, chestnut scales in distal one-third; whitish scales in the subapical and apical area; a large, faint, red patch in the postmedian area. HWV: chocolate brown and chestnut forming a marble-like pattern, with a wide chestnut postmedian band; two whitish submarginal dots in Cu 1 -Cu 2 and Cu 2 - 1 A; some whitish suffusion along anal margin. Female genitalia: not illustrated. Types: Holotype (male): Venezuela, Estado Carabobo, 15 km. North of Bejuma, Cerro San Isidro, 1550– 1600 m, 10. VII. 2003, T. Pyrcz leg., to be deposited in MIZA; Allotype (female): same locality, 27.IX. 2002, M. Costa leg., MZUJ; Paratypes (11 males and 2 females): CARABOBO: 6 males: same data as the holotype, TWP; 1 male and 1 female: Bejuma, Cerro S. Isidro, Venezuela, 1600 m, 24.VIII. 2003, M. Costa leg., MCC; 1 female: same data but 27.X. 2002, MCC; 3 males: Palmichal, Cerro de Paja, ridgetop path, 1500–1600 m, 27.X. 2002 A. Neild leg., AFNL; 2 males: Municipio Bejuma, Cerro de Paja, 1500 m, 02.XI. 2001, J. C. Desousa leg., TWP. Etymology: This species is dedicated to Mauro Costa, a lepidopterist from Caracas, and incidentally refers to the geographical name of the Cordillera de la Costa range (costa means coast, in Spanish). Geographic range: Hitherto known exclusively from the western part of the Serranía del Litoral. Altitudinal range: 1500–1600 m. Remarks: P. piletha belongs to a group of closely related, apparently monophyletic species including P. poesia (Hewitson), P. japhleta and P. suspiro, all sharing a broadly similar male genitalia structure and color patterns. HWV patterns of P. piletha piletha and P. piletha costae are widely divergent and indeed differ more than the color patterns of nominate P. p i l e t h a and the above mentioned related allopatric species. P. piletha costae is the only taxon of this group which has no HWV white anal wedge, which is the most conspicuous color pattern element. On the other hand, the two subspecies of P. piletha are consistently smaller than other taxa of this apparently monophyletic group. The reason for considering costa and piletha as conspecific are also closely similar male genitalia, and androconia (size and shape of FWD androconial patch). There are some ecological differences between the subspecies of P. p i l e t h a, as costa occurs in the lower section of cloud forests, around 1500–1600 m, whereas the nominate is usually found at considerably higher elevations, usually above 1800 m. A few individuals of P. piletha were, however, collected at 1400–1500 m along the Maracay-Choroní road, indicating that it occurs occasionally within the same altitudinal range as the western subspecies.Published as part of Viloria, Angel L., Pyrcz, Tomasz W. & Orellana, Andrés, 2010, A survey of the Neotropical montane butterflies of the subtribe Pronophilina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the Venezuelan Cordillera de la Costa, pp. 1-41 in Zootaxa 2622 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19811

Thiemeia phoronea subsp. phoronea Doubleday

Thiemeia phoronea phoronea (Doubleday) (Figs. 35, 36) Pronophila phoronea Doubleday [1849]: pl. 60, fig. 1. Syntype (male) in BMNH [examined]. Daedalma phoronea (Doubleday); Butler, 1868: 183. Catargynnis phoronea (Doubleday); Thieme, 1907: 150. Thiemeia phoronea (Doubleday); Weymer, 1912: 267. Thiemeia phoronea var. obscurata Krüger, 1924: 38. As a synonym of T. phoronea phoronea. Lectotype (male) designated by Pyrcz, 1999: 371 [examined], stat. reinst. Geographic range: Species: CC-Yungas de Cochabamba; Subspecies: CC, SP[?], western slopes of the Andes in Colombia and north-western Ecuador. Altitudinal range: 1600–2200 m (Pyrcz & Wojtusiak, 1999; Pyrcz, 2004); 2000–2300 m Remarks: This interesting species has been attributed to three different genera, until it was placed in a monobasic genus Thiemeia Weymer. Pyrcz (2004) suggested that Thiemeia is a relic which evolved before the radiation of Daedalma Hewitson and Pseudomaniola Röber. The geographic range of T. phoronea is very wide, from the CC to Bolivia, but discontinuous. The apparent absence of T. phoronea from many well sampled areas is due to the fact that it is habitat- specific, thus highly localized and seldom encountered in nature. Three subspecies can be recognized, differing mostly by the females. The female of the nominate subspecies has a conspicuous whitish FWD subapical streak. This feature allows its separation from obscurata Krüger stat. reinst., characterized by an all medium-brown FWD. Pyrcz (2004) was incorrect in assuming that obscurata occurring in the WC does not differ from the nominate subspecies, an observation based on the males only. Adams (1986), in his turn, was right in pointing out that the obscurata female is like neither ortruda nor phoronea. T. phoronea ortruda (Thieme), occurring on the eastern slopes of the Andes between Ecuador and Bolivia, has a wide orange oblique postdiscal band. A male individual was observed for two consecutive days on the top road from Los Colonos to Naranjal (CC), keeping a territory in a sunny gap. After it was collected, another male appeared and occupied the very same small area. A female was collected several months later in the same spot, as late as 15: 45, on a particularly misty day. Material examined: DISTRITO FEDERAL: 1 male: Avila, 19.III. 1983, M. Costa leg., MIZA; 3 males: P. N. Avila, Caracas, 1500 m, 15–16.VII. 1979, D. Baiocchi, leg., MIZA; 1 male: Avila 1800 m, 1.I. 1984, M. Costa, leg., MIZA; 1 male: same locality and collector, 1800 m, 20.XI. 1982, MIZA; 1 male: Avila, Hotel Humboldt, 20.I. 1985, M. Costa, leg., MIZA; 1 male: Distrito Federal, Avila, vía Picacho de Galipán, 1800 m, 20.XI. 1982, M. Costa leg., MCC; 2 males: Distrito Federal, Avila, vía Picacho de Galipán, 1800 m, 20.III. 1983, M. Costa leg., MCC; 1 male: Avila, 2000 m, 18.XI. 2001, M. Costa leg., MCC; ARAGUA: 1 female: Colonia Tovar, 2100 m, 31.I. 2004, M. Costa leg., MCC; 1 male: Colonia Tovar, 09.IX. 2003, M. Costa leg., MCC; 1 female: Colonia Tovar, vía Naranjal, 2150 m, 19.VII. 2006, T. Pyrcz leg., MZUJ; 2 males: Colonia Tovar, Los Colonos, 2200 m, 03.III. 2010, T. Pyrcz leg., MZUJ; 1 male: same data but 04.III. 2010, MZUJ; 3 males: same data but 05.III. 2010, 1 PBF, 2 MZUJ.Published as part of Viloria, Angel L., Pyrcz, Tomasz W. & Orellana, Andrés, 2010, A survey of the Neotropical montane butterflies of the subtribe Pronophilina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the Venezuelan Cordillera de la Costa, pp. 1-41 in Zootaxa 2622 on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19811