The impact of early Presbyterian missionary preaching (1884-1920) on the preaching of the Korean church

The history of Protestant mission began when Korean people were suffering under Japanese colonial rule. The Bible was translated into Korean in Manchuria and Japan and following the first missionary Horace N. Allen (U.S. Korea missionary, 1884-1890) many Western missionaries began to arrive in Korea. As churches were built the need for Korean ministers necessitated establishment of theological seminaries and teaching of homiletics. History of preaching thus began. Charles A. Clark (U.S. Korea missionary, 1902-1948), who became the father of homiletics in Korea, taught the homiletic theories he studied earlier and his influence is still felt in Korea today. The preaching of the early missionaries was topical in type and legalistic in tone aimed to deliver the gospel of salvation. While the preaching of the Korean churches closely followed the examples of early missionaries, the Korean preachers gradually adapted their preaching according to the historical changes by adding themes on the actual everyday life of the believers. Preaching on the gospel of social salvation is increasing and even some exegetical preaching is used by some preachers. Korean churches must now try to introduce and implement institutional means to further develop preaching. Furthermore, there should be increased emphasis on social preaching and gospel preaching

Evaluation de la répartition d'engrais au sol par analyse d'images rapides lors de l'épandage centrifuge d'engrais

L’application de l’image à l’agriculture décrite dans cet article touche un domaine peu connu, à savoir l’épandage centrifuge d’engrais. Pour caractériser précisément cette intervention agricole, deux paramètres doivent être étudiés et en particulier la répartition d’engrais au sol.Although mechanically simple, centrifugal spreaders used for mineral fertilization involve not well-known complex physics phenomenons. To avoid bad fertilizer inputs in the field, the centrifugal spreading technique and particularly the initial conditions of flight of the granules have to be precisely understood. This paper presents the conception of a fast image processing system for the characterization of the centrifugal fertilizer spreading. This patented multiexposure system allows to determine granule trajectories after their ejection, by using a high resolution digital camera combined with a set of flashes, and different motion estimation methods. The results are then used in a ballistic model to obtain the fertilizer repartition on the ground.Bien que mécaniquement simples, les distributeurs centrifuges utilisés pour la fertilisation minérale impliquent des phénomènes physiques complexes qui ne sont pas actuellement caractérisés complètement. Pour éviter des mauvais apports d'engrais dans le champ, l'épandage centrifuge, et particulièrement les conditions initiales d'éjection des granulés, doivent être précisément comprises. Ce papier présente la conception d'un système d'acquisition d'images rapides pour la caractérisation de la répartition d'engrais au sol. Ce système multiexposition breveté permet de déterminer les trajectoires des granulés après leur éjection, en utilisant une caméra numérique haute résolution combinée à une batterie de flashes et différentes méthodes d'estimation du mouvement. Les résultats obtenus sont ensuite utilisés dans un modèle de vol balistique pour obtenir la répartition d'engrais au sol

Les transferts d’azote dans le sol à partir d’engrais granulaires dans un contexte d’étude de l’intérêt des apports localisés pour favoriser la régulation des adventices

AGROSUPSPEEAGESTADDans un contexte de mise en oeuvre de techniques spatialisées au sein d’une parcelle cultivée et dans le cadre de l’étude de la régulation des adventices par la compétition pour l’azote, une synthèse bibliographique a été réalisée dans le but (1) d’identifier les modes de placement de l’engrais et leur impact sur la croissance de la culture et des adventices ; (2) de recenser les modèles existants pour simuler le mouvement de l’azote dans le sol ; (3) de repérer les travaux portant sur les transferts à partir de granules d’engrais

Estimation de vitesse par analyse d'images acquises en filé : Application à la caractérisation de la distribution centrifuge de granules d'engrais.

This dissertation demonstrates that motion blurred images acquired in the vicinity of the spinning disc of a fertiliser centrifugal spreader can be used to estimate the outlet velocity components of the granules. First, a recursive linear filter is applied to the image to detect the streak axes corresponding to the granule trajectories. This filter was specifically developed for our research by means of the Canny method and an edge model based on an experimental approach. Secondly, the trajectories are identified and characterised using the Hough Transform. Its computation is based on mechanical knowledge derived from spreading analysis. Next, the outlet velocities are deduced from the outlet angle measurements using kinematic relationships. The fertiliser angular distribution is also estimated using the frequency of trajectory identifications in the image. Finally, the spread pattern is computed by means of a ballistic flight model using the above parameters.Cette thèse montre que l'acquisition d'images en filé au voisinage du disque d'épandage d'un distributeur centrifuge d'engrais constitue une solution pour déterminer les composantes de la vitesse d'éjection des granules. Un filtre linéaire récursif est appliqué sur l'image pour détecter les axes des traces laissées par les granules. Ce filtre est développé en appliquant la méthodologie de Canny à un modèle de contour dont le profil dérive d'une approche expérimentale. Ensuite, les trajectoires sont identifiées et caractérisées au moyen de la transformée de Hough en intégrant les connaissances issues de l'analyse du processus d'épandage. La vitesse d'éjection est alors déduite de l'angle d'éjection par le biais de relations cinématiques. La répartition angulaire du flux d'engrais est également estimée à partir de la fréquence d'identification des trajectoires dans l'image. La répartition au sol de l'engrais est déduite d'un modèle de vol balistique utilisant ces paramètres

Estimation de vitesse par analyse d'images acquises en file (application à la caractérisation de la distribution centrifuge de granules d'engrais)

Cette thèse montre que l acquisition d images en filé au voisinage du disque d épandage d un distributeur centrifuge d engrais constitue une solution pour déterminer les composantes de la vitesse d éjection des granules. Un filtre linéaire récursif est appliqué sur l image pour détecter les axes des traces laissées par les granules. Ce filtre est développé en appliquant la méthodologie de Canny à un modèle de contour dont le profil dérive d une approche expérimentale. Ensuite, les trajectoires sont identifiées et caractérisées au moyen de la transformée de Hough en intégrant les connaissances issues de l analyse du processus d épandage. La vitesse d éjection est alors déduite de l angle d éjection par le biais de relations cinématiques. La répartition angulaire du flux d engrais est également estimée à partir de la fréquence d identification des trajectoires dans l image. La répartition au sol de l engrais est déduite d un modèle de vol balistique utilisant ces paramètres.This dissertation demonstrates that motion blurred images acquired in the vicinity of the spinning disc of a fertiliser centrifugal spreader can be used to estimate the outlet velocity components of the granules. First, a recursive linear filter is applied to the image to detect the streak axes corresponding to the granule trajectories. This filter was specifically developed for our research by means of the Canny method and an edge model based on an experimental approach. Secondly, the trajectories are identified and characterised using the Hough Transform. Its computation is based on mechanical knowledge derived from spreading analysis. Next, the outlet velocities are deduced from the outlet angle measurements using kinematic relationships. The fertiliser angular distribution is also estimated using the frequency of trajectory identifications in the image. Finally, the spread pattern is computed by means of a ballistic flight model using the above parameters.DIJON-BU Sciences Economie (212312102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Intra-row weed detection in wheat at early growing stage using imaging system

AGROSUPSPEEAGESTADIn the present agroecological context, the reduction of herbicide uses becomes a substantial issue. For weed control and site specific weed management the development of new technologies is required to identify individual plant. Although many crop/weed discrimination methods have been developed, the automatic intra-row weed detection is still a challenge, particularly in wheat. An imaging system is developed to detect black grass in wheat at early growing stage. The technique mimics the method used by a human expert in such conditions. Thus, the hypocotyl diameter was used as distinguishing criterion. For experiments, the seeds of black grass and wheat were sown in rectangular pots. Two planting protocols were carried out to reproduce the emergence difference of species as observed in actual field conditions: 1) black grass and wheat were planted in the crop line at the same time; 2) black grass were planted in the crop line seven days after wheat. The imaging system consisted in a multispectral camera placed at 1.20 m above the pot soil surface. The view axis was tilted at 45° so that the side view of the crop row was captured in the image. Approximately 100 images were acquired at various times from plant emergence (BBCH-stage 11) to three leaf stage (BBCH-stage 13) of the wheat plant. The first step of image processing consisted in computing a color vegetation index (Excess Green Index) and thresholding the pixel values to provide a binary image of the plants without soil background. In the second step, various segmentation and filtering techniques were assessed to detect automatically the base of plant stems. Depending on the stem width, each plant was finally classified into wheat or black grass. Results are analyzed and discussed looking at the potential of this method regarding not only the plant species but also experimental conditions

Hybrid centrifugal spreading model to study the fertiliser spatial distribution and its assessment using the transverse coefficient of variation

Studying centrifugal spreading by carrying out field or in-door experiments using fertiliser collection trays is tedious and labour intensive. This is particularly true when several implementation methods need to be compared, numerous replications are required or fertiliser sample characterisation is required. To circumvent cumbersome experiments, an alternative approach consists in performing in silico studies. In order to reach this objective, a hybrid centrifugal spreading model is designed by combining theoretical fertiliser motion equations with statistical information. The use of experimental measurements to characterise fertiliser properties, outlet velocity, angular mass flow distribution and spread pattern deposition, ensure a realistic calibration of the model. Based on this model, static spread patterns and transverse distributions are computed for a virtual twin-disc spreader. The number of fertiliser granules used to compute a spread pattern is deduced from the target application rate while the granule properties and their motion parameters are randomly selected from pre-established statistical distributions. This Monte Carlo process reproduces the random variability of fertiliser spread pattern depositions. Using this model, simulations demonstrate the mean and standard deviation of CV value decrease with the application rate. The CV mean value also decreases with the collection tray surface, while the standard deviation decreases with the collection tray length. Mathematical relationships are deduced from simulation results to express the mean and standard deviation of the CV as functions of the application rate and collection tray surface or length. The simulation model is also used to compare spreader test methods and study the influence of some fertiliser particles properties on the transverse distribution

A virtual spreader to overcome experimental limits : Example of use to deepen the meaning of the transverse coefficient of variation

AGROSUPSPEEAGESTADCT1A virtual spreader was modelled by combining the use of theoretical motion equations and statistical distributions of input parameters. These parameters were deduced from experimental measurements using a custom-made spreader, an imaging system, a particle impact recording device and a rotating test bench. Using this model, each spread pattern was computed using a random selection of values following the statistical distribution of each input parameter. Using simulations, we quantified how the CV value was affected by application rates and measurement protocols whatever spreader settings. Simulations showed the CV value and its measurement variability increased when the application rate decreased. The CV value also increased when the collection tray surface (used for spreader tests) decreased. The model was also used to analyse the CV value of blended fertilisers

Herbicide site specific spraying: use of simulations to study the impact of section width

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