8 research outputs found
Tics como estrategia didáctica para potenciar los aprendizajes significativos en estudiantes del nivel inicial de una institución educativa. Trujillo, 2022
- Publication venue
- 'Universidad Cesar Vallejo'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
La presente tesis titulada “Tics como estrategia didáctica para potenciar
los aprendizajes significativos en estudiantes del nivel inicial de una Institución
Educativa Trujillo, 2022”. Tuvo como objetivo general determinar el nivel de
aprendizaje significativo en los niños de 4 años. Desde su metodología el estudio
investigativo fue de tipo aplicado desarrollado bajo un enfoque cuantitativo y con
diseño pre experimental. En el análisis de la información contó como técnica la
observación y tuvo como instrumento el cuestionario, el cual obtuvo .745 de
validez a través del programa SPSS v22; así mismo, consideró como muestra a
20 estudiantes del aula de 4 años. Los resultados más relevantes se encontraron
que en el pre test el 5% de los niños estaban en el nivel de inicio, aplicada la
propuesta en el post test el 100% de los niños superó las dificultades y se ubicó
en el nivel de logrado en relación a la variable de estudio Aprendizaje
Significativo. Como conclusión se determinó que el 100%de estudiantes tuvieron
una mejora en el aprendizaje significativo mediante el uso de las TICs en el aula
de 4 años de la I.E N° 81025 José Antonio Encinas Trujillo
Recommended from our members
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Ababneh Hazim S
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abebe Samrawit Shawel
- Abedi Aidin
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abhilash E S
- Abidi Hassan
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abolmaali Meysam
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou
- Adal Tadele Girum
- Adamu Abdu A
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Admass Biruk Adie Adie
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agampodi Suneth Buddhika
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aggarwal Manik
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agide Feleke Doyore
- Agodi Antonella
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Mehrunnisha Sharif
- Ahmed Meqdad Saleh
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akyirem Samuel
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Azzam Sayer
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alahdab Fares
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alalwan Tariq A
- Alam Khurshid
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- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
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- Albakri Almaza
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Aldawsari Khalifah A
- Aldhaleei Wafa A
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alema Haileselasie Berhane
- Alemayohu Mulubirhan Assefa
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Ali Abid
- Ali Amjad
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Shahid
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Alikhani Reyhaneh
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljasir Mohammad A M
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
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- Almidani Louay
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- Alqalyoobi Shehabaldin
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- Areda Demelash
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- Armocida Benedetta
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- Arooj Mahwish
- Artamonov Anton A
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
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- Asadi-Lari Mohsen
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- Hasaballah Ahmed I
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- Hasani Hamidreza
- Hasanian Mohammad
- Hashi Abdiwahab
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- Hossain Sahadat
- Hosseini Mohammad-Salar
- Hosseinzadeh Adli Ahmad
- Hosseinzadeh Hassan
- Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
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- Hsairi Mohamed
- Hsieh Vivian Chia-rong
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- Hultström Michael
- Humayun Ayesha
- Hundie Tsegaye Gebreyes
- Hussain Javid
- Hussain M Azhar
- Hussein Nawfal R
- Hussien Foziya Mohammed
- Huynh Hong-Han
- Hwang Bing-Fang
- Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel
- Ibrahim Khalid S
- Iftikhar Pulwasha Maria
- Ijo Desta
- Ikiroma Adalia I
- Ikuta Kevin S
- Ikwegbue Paul Chukwudi
- Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen
- Ilic Irena M
- Ilic Milena D
- Imam Mohammad Tarique
- Immurana Mustapha
- Inamdar Sumant
- Indriasih Endang
- Iqhrammullah Muhammad
- Iradukunda Arnaud
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- Islam Md Rabiul
- Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
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- Suliankatchi Abdulkader Rizwan
- Sultana Abida
- Sun Haitong Zhe
- Sun Jing
- Sundström Johan
- Sunkersing David
- Sunnerhagen Katharina S
- Swain Chandan Kumar
- Szarpak Lukasz
- Szeto Mindy D
- Szócska Miklós
- Tabaee Damavandi Payam
- Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael
- Tabatabaei Malazy Ozra
- Tabatabaei Seyyed Mohammad
- Tabatabaeizadeh Seyed-Amir
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- Tadakamadla Santosh Kumar
- Taheri Abkenar Yasaman
- Taheri Soodejani Moslem
- Taiba Jabeen
- Takahashi Ken
- Talaat Iman M
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- Tan Ker-Kan
- Tandukar Sarmila
- Tang Haosu
- Tang Hong K
- Tarigan Ingan Ukur
- Tariku Mengistie Kassahun
- Tariqujjaman Md
- Tarkang Elvis Enowbeyang
- Tavakoli Oliaee Razieh
- Tavangar Seyed Mohammad
- Taveira Nuno
- Tefera Yibekal Manaye
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Temsah Reem Mohamad Hani
- Teramoto Masayuki
- Tesler Riki
- Teye-Kwadjo Enoch
- Thakur Rishu
- Thangaraju Pugazhenthan
- Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman
- Tharwat Samar
- Thayakaran Rasiah
- Thomas Nihal
- Thomas Nikhil Kenny
- Thomson Azalea M
- Thrift Amanda G
- Thum Chern Choong Chern
- Thygesen Lau Caspar
- Tian Jing
- Tichopad Ales
- Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera
- Tillawi Tala
- Tiruye Tenaw Yimer
- Titova Mariya Vladimirovna
- Tonelli Marcello
- Topor-Madry Roman
- Toriola Adetunji T
- Torre Anna E
- Touvier Mathilde
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Tran Jasmine T
- Tran Nghia Minh
- Trico Domenico
- Tromans Samuel Joseph
- Truyen Thien Tan Tri Tai
- Tsatsakis Aristidis
- Tsegay Guesh Mebrahtom
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
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- Udoakang Aniefiok John
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- Ullah Irfan
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- Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David
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- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Unsworth Carolyn Anne
- Upadhyay Era
- Urso Daniele
- Usman Jibrin Sammani
- Vahabi Seyed Mohammad
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- Van de Velde Sarah M
- Van den Eynde Jef
- Varga Orsolya
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vasic Milena
- Vaziri Siavash
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- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Villanueva Gabriela Ines
- Vinayak Manish
- Violante Francesco S
- Viskadourou Maria
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
- Vlassov Vasily
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- Vollset Stein Emil
- Vongpradith Avina
- Vos Theo
- Vujcic Isidora S
- Vukovic Rade
- Wafa Hatem A
- Waheed Yasir
- Wamai Richard G
- Wang Cong
- Wang Ning
- Wang Shu
- Wang Song
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Waqas Muhammad
- Ward Paul
- Wassie Emebet Gashaw
- Watson Stefanie
- Watson Stephanie Louise Watson
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Wei Melissa Y
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weiss Daniel J
- Westerman Ronny
- Whisnant Joanna L
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wilandika Angga
- Wilkerson Caroline
- Willeit Peter
- Wilson Shadrach
- Wojewodzic Marcin W
- Woldegebreal Demewoz H
- Wolf Axel Walter
- Wolfe Charles D A
- Wondimagegene Yohannes Addisu
- Wong Yen Jun
- Wongsin Utoomporn
- Wool Eve E
- Wu Ai-Min
- Wu Chenkai
- Wu Felicia
- Wu Xinsheng
- Wu Zenghong
- Xia Juan
- Xiao Hong
- Xie Yang
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Wang-Dong
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Xu Yvonne Yiru
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Danting
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yi Siyan
- Yigezu Amanuel
- Yip Paul
- Yismaw Malede Berihun
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuh Faith H
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zar Heather J
- Zare Iman
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeinali Zahra
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Jingya
- Zhang Liqun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zitoun Osama A
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zuhlke Liesl J
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 03/04/2024
- Field of study
BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module
- Author
- Abdullah Mufareh Assiri
- Abeer Ahmed Mohmed
- Abeer Aly Omar
- Abhijeet Raha
- Abizer Nuruddin Manked
- Achilleas Gikas
- Adela Arguello Ruiz
- Adem Karbuz
- Adrian M. Puello Guerrero Glenny Mirabal
- Adriana Montanini
- Adriana Romani
- Afzal Azim
- Agamenon Alves Oliveira
- Agreta Gecaj-Gashi
- Ahmed Hakawi
- Ahmet Dilek
- Aisha Mubarak
- Ajoy Krishna Sarkar
- Alexander Molkov
- Alexander Tchekulaev
- Alfredo Lagares Guzman
- Alfredo Paucar
- Algirdas Dagys
- Ali Kaya
- Ali Metin Otkun
- Ali Omer Abdul Aziz
- Ali Pekcan Demiroz
- Aline Besen
- Aliye Yasayacak
- Alka Thool
- Alka Thool
- Alper Sener
- Altaf Ahmed
- Alysia Faye Giani
- Alzbeta Marcekova
- Amani Ali El-Kholy
- Amani Fouad Sayed
- Amaury Mielle Filho
- Ameurfina Curioso Silo
- Amine Ali Zeggwagh
- Amjad Mahboob
- Amna Mostafa Mohamed
- Amol Harshe
- Ana Lucía Bonilla Escudero
- Ana Marãa Perez Fernandez
- Ana Paula Fontes Pinheiro
- Ana Paula Vasconcelos Carneiro
- Ana Silvia Rearte
- Anahita Sanaei
- Analen Fabros Cabato
- Andrea Peña Padilla
- Andres Eduardo Mindiola Rochel
- Andres H. Corchuelo Martinez
- Andrzej Kubler
- Angel Gonzalez Vargas
- Angel Orlando Flores Alvarado
- Angelina Mendonca
- Anil Bilolikar
- Anil Karlekar
- Anirban Karmakar
- Anis Shiham Zainal Abidin
- Anju Mathew
- Anna Lesnakova
- Annalyn Amor Malificio
- Antigona Hasani
- Antonio Claudio do Amaral Baruzzi
- Antonio Martinez Mulia
- Antonio Solano Chinchilla
- Anu Kurian
- Anucha Apisarnthanarak
- Anuja Kedar Kulkarni
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- Anwar Al Souheil
- Anzar Thair
- Aparajita Panda
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- Apsia Musa Molano
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- Arifa Hafeez
- Arjun Rajalakshmi
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- Arnab Dasgupta
- Arnaldo Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Arnefelina S. Tamayo
- Arpita Bhakta
- Arpita Dwivedy
- Aseem Mahajan
- Ashoo Wadhera
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- Ashraf El Houfi
- Ashwin Kumar Mani
- Asmita Kamble
- Asmita Sagar Sakle
- Asu Ozgultekin
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- Ata Nevzat Yalcin
- Atefeh Yousefipour
- Atila Kilic
- Atilla Ramazanoglu
- Aun Raza
- Avigail M. Tan
- Ayhan Yaman
- Aynur Engin
- Ayse Danis
- Ayse Erbay
- Ayşe Willke
- Azra Parveen
- B.N. Gokul
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- Baby Padmini
- Badaruddin A. Memon
- Bala Ramachandran
- Balkys Alvarez
- Banambar Ray
- Barbara Barteczko-Grajek
- Barbara Dragan
- Barkat Amina
- Basak Ceyda Meco
- Basanta Kumar Pati
- Bassel Molaeb
- Begum Atasay
- Behzad Maghsudi
- Bel Hadj Sarra
- Bhabani Shankar Pati
- Bhagyesh Shah
- Bijie Hu
- Biju John
- Bikas Mishra
- Bilge Aldemir Kocabaş
- Binesh Badyal
- Biraj Mohan Mishra
- Borgi Aida
- Bouziri Asma
- Braulio Matias De Carvalho
- Burhanuddin Qutbuddin Jawadwala
- Byambadorj Batkhuu
- Camila Almeida Silva
- Camilla Rodrigues
- Canan Aygun
- Cansu Yilmaz
- Caphiane Batista
- Carlos Alvarez-Moreno
- Carlos Enrique La Hoz Vergara
- Carlos F. Linares Calderon
- Carlos Gonzalez Fuentes
- Caroline Batista Cardoso
- Caroline Lazzarini
- Celia Flores Baldonado
- Celso Zaruma
- Cemal Bulut
- Cemal Ustun
- Cengiz Uzun
- Ceyda Necan
- Chandramouli Bhattacharya
- Chaohua Wang
- Charulata Pamnani
- Chin Seng Gan
- Christian Mendoza-Mujica
- Christianne F.V. Takeda
- Chunli Guo
- Cigdem Ataman Hatipoglu
- Cigdem Yildirim Guclu
- Clara Morales Perez
- Claudia Beatriz Dominguez
- Claudia Diaz
- Claudia Gabriela Rodriguez
- Concepcion Bran De Casares
- Cristina Mari Jean P. Llames
- Dafne Moreno
- Dagoberto Santofimio
- Daiane Casi
- Daisy A. De Moros
- Dale Fisher
- Dang Thi Van Trang
- Daniela V. Da Silva Escudero
- Danilo Amâncio Campos
- David Yepes Gomez
- Davut Ozdemir
- Dayana Aponte
- Debkishore Gupta
- Dedeepiya Devaprasad
- Deepa Ganesh Divekar
- Deepa Sasidharan Nair
- Deepesh Gokulchand Aggarwal
- Delia Muntean
- Denis Padgett
- Dennis George Maki
- Dennis Malungcot Narciso
- Devendra K. Khanna
- Diaa Abdullah Mohammed
- Diego Barahona Pinto
- Diego Marcelo Maurizi
- Diego Morocho
- Diego Morocho Tutillo
- Dileep Mane
- Dilek Arman
- Dilek Kahvecioglu
- Dimitar Georgiev Karadimov
- Dimitrios Veldekis
- Dincer Yildizdas
- Dinh Pham Phuong Anh
- Dipankar Padhihari
- Dipti Gaikwad
- Doaa Abdel-Aziz
- Doan Mai Phuong
- Doan Mai Phuong
- Dogaç Ugurcan
- Dorel Sandesc
- Doris Maribel Rivera
- Dovile Grinkeviciute
- Dragana Lekic
- Duaa Khalil Al-Awadi
- Dulce Hernandez
- Duran Yildiz
- Eduardo Alexandrino Medeiros
- Eduardo Rodriguez-Noriega
- Edwin Giovanny Chapeta Parada
- Elahe Tajeddin
- Elahe Tajeddin
- Elaine Mari Furukawa-Cinquini
- Elena Leon Sanchez
- Eleni Apostolopoulou
- Eliesel Lacerda
- Eliza Ramirez
- Elizabeth Castano
- Elizabeth Laungayan Cortez
- Elsa Margarita Trujillo Ramirez
- Elsie Cancel
- Elías García-Mayorca
- Emel Azak
- Emil D. Kostadinov
- Enrique Barbachano Rodriguez
- Erci Maria Onzi Siliprandi
- Erdal İnce
- Ergin Çiftçi
- Ernandi Dagoberto Seerig Palme
- Ertugrul Guclu
- Estuardo Salgado Yepez
- Eugenia Mejías
- Evangelina Balon Ubalde
- Evelyn Salinas
- Ever Labro
- Ewa Szewczyk
- F.E. Udwadia
- Fabio Jorge De Lima Silva
- Fabricio Picoita
- Faisal Sultan
- Farid Zand
- Fatima Mohammad Al Adwani
- Fatma Sebnem Erdinc
- Fatma Sirmatel
- Fatma Ulger
- Fco Eduardo Aguiar Leitão
- Federico Corona Jiménez
- Felcy Chacko
- Fernando Aguilera Almazán
- Fernando Martin Ramirez Wong
- Fernando Martin Ramirez Wong
- Fernando Perez
- Flavie Maria Rebello
- Florencia Maria Jerez
- Florin George Horhat
- Francisco Campos Guevara
- Francisco Kennedy Azevedo
- G.S. Gehlot
- Gabriel D. Empaire
- Gabriel Horacio Mendez
- Gabriel Munoz Gutierrez
- Gabriela Di-Silvestre
- Gabriela Martinez Falcon
- Ganshyam Jagathkar
- Gasdali Santacruz
- Gaspar Iglesias Miramontes
- Gaye Usluer
- Gazmend Spahija
- Georgina Olivarez
- Gerardo León-Garnica
- Germán Camacho Moreno
- Ghada A. Ismail
- Gilda Tolari
- Gita Nadimpalli
- Gladys Edith Correa
- Gladys Tatiana Sánchez
- Glaydson A. Ponte
- Golnar Sabetian
- Goran Ristic
- Grace Sindayen
- Greta Gailiene
- Guadalupe Aguirre-Avalos
- Guadalupe Gomez Flores
- Gul Hassan Bhutto
- Gulden Ersoz
- Gulsume Kaya
- Gunay Tuncer Ertem
- Gunes Senol
- Gustavo Jorge Chaparro
- Guxiang Ye
- H. Sunil
- Haifaa Hassan Al-Mousa
- Hakan Erdem
- Hakan Leblebicioglu
- Halil Ozdemir
- Hammad Nazeer
- Hanamant Kashinath Sale
- Hanan Balkhy
- Hanan Mesfer Al Ghamdi
- Harvinder Wasan
- Hasan Akduman
- Hasan Ayash
- Hasimah Zainol
- Hatice Cabadak
- Hava Yilmaz
- Hayrettin Akdeniz
- Hector Armando Rincon Leon
- Hector Raul Perez-Gomez
- Hector Vidal
- Heidi Johanna Munoz
- Hena Francis
- Herlidia Taboada Hernandez
- Hessa Abdullah Al Enizy
- Hilario Coronado Magaña
- Hugo Alberto Gonzalez Flores
- Hulya Sungurtekin
- Humberto Guanche Garcell
- Humeyra Zengin
- Huseyn Turgut
- Hussain Al-Rahma
- Ianick Souto Martins
- Ibrahim A.M. Al-Zaydani Asiri
- Ider Bat-Erdene
- Iftihar Koksal
- Igor Kotkov
- Ilham Bulos Abu-Khader
- Ilhan Ozgunes
- Indranil Roy
- Isaura Beatriz Sauceda Castañeda
- Islam Abdullorziz Ghazi
- Ismael A. Valderrama MarquezClaudia Linares
- Ismet Jusufi
- Ivan Utkin
- Ivar Calvo Hernandez
- J.V. Divatia
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- Janet E. Pichilingue Chagray
- Javier Ospina Martinez
- Javier Soto Pastrana
- Jayant Shelgaonkar
- Jegathesan Manikavasagam
- Jehangir Soli Sorabjee
- Jelena Eremija
- Jelena Kojovic
- Jenny Jurado
- Jerlie Mae Gonzales Celiz
- Jessica C. Amor
- Jesús Alfonso Galindo Olmeda
- Jeyaganesh Veerakumaran
- Jigar Patel
- Jinzhi Zhang
- Joelene Lim
- Johanna Osorio
- Jorge Horacio Portillo-Gallo
- Jorge Ivan Marin Uribe
- Jorge Velez
- Jose Maria Harystoy
- Josephine Anne Navoa-Ng
- Juan Carlos Torres Millan
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- Julia Rosa Valdez
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- Karina M. Nogueira Napoles
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- Katia Arruda Guimaraes
- Katja Popovska
- Katya Fernanda Aibar Yaranga
- Kavita Sandhu
- Kerinjeet Kaur
- Keyla Harten Pinto Coelho
- Keyur Parikh
- Khaldi Ammar
- Khalid Abidi
- Kotturathu Mammen Cherain
- Kushlani Jayatilleke
- Lailane D. Bergosa
- Lakshmi Ranganathan
- Lamia Jurdi
- Lamiaa Abdel-Fatteh Ahmed
- Le Thi Anh Thu
- Le Thi Diem Tuyet
- Leema Pushparaj
- Leena Steephen
- Leonardo N. Pazmino
- Leonardo Passos de Souza
- Levent Gorenek
- Li Changan
- Li Ruisheng
- Li Yimin
- Lian-Huat Tan
- Lilian Aguiar Vieira
- Lilian De Jesus Machuca
- Liliana Alina Dragomirescu
- Lilibeth G. Salvio
- Lin Meiyi
- Lindalva Pino Da Silva Neta
- Ling Zhu
- Liu Kun
- Ljubica Nikolic
- Lorena Luiza Silva Neto Avelar
- Lorena Matta Cortes
- Lorena Paola Cardena
- Lorenzo Santiago Marcos
- Lucia Ramasco
- Lucio Alberto Aguilar Angel
- Lucy Chai See-Lum
- Luis Carlos Fernandez Alvarez
- Luis E. Cuellar
- Luis E. Pedrozo-Ortiz
- Luis Gustavo De Oliveira Cardo
- Luis Isidro Castillo Bravo
- Luis Kushner Davalos
- Luis Kushner-Dávalos
- Luis Marino Cañas Giraldo
- Luis Martin Santivanez Monge
- Luis Montes Bravo
- Luiz Fernando Baqueiro Freitas
- Lul Raka
- Lusayda Sanchez Corrales
- Luz Dary Burgos Florez
- Lydia Lara
- Madhavi Latha Bommala
- Madhu Gupta
- Madhupriya Vijay Suryawanshi
- Magda Ivonne Rojas-Bonilla
- Magdalena Kosmider-Zurawska
- Mahuya Bhattacharyya
- Maithili Satish Kavathekar
- Maithili Satish Kavathekar
- Malgorzata Anna Mikaszewska-Sokolewicz
- Malik Abdo Ali
- Mammen Chandy
- Manas Roy
- Manoj Agarwal
- Mansoor Masjedi
- Manuel Jesus Mayorga Espichan
- Manuela Amaral
- Mao Pu
- Marcela Maria Sousa Colares
- Marcelo Mendonca
- Marcia Maria De Paula Bessa
- Marcia Valle
- Marco A. Trujillo Juarez
- Marco Montell Garcia
- Marco Tulio Luque Torres
- Marco Tulio Luque-Torres
- Marena Rodriguez Ferrer
- Margarete Villins
- Margarita Delgado
- Maria Angela Maretti Da Silva
- Maria C. Ferreira De Souza
- Maria Caridi
- Maria Carmen Sg Buenaflor
- Maria Catalina Pirez Garcia
- Maria Constanza Chavez
- Maria Daganou
- Maria del Rosario Vázquez Olivas
- Maria Elena Calisto Pazos
- Maria Fernanda Garcia
- Maria Fernanda Garcia
- Maria Isabel Colqui
- Maria Jose Monteiro De Assis
- Maria Kartsonaki
- Maria Laura Spadaro
- Maria Lilian Maciel Canuto
- Maria Silvia Olivieri
- Maria Teresa Blanco-Abuy
- Maria Tereza Freitas Tenório
- Maria V. Changano Rodriguez
- Mariana Andrade Oliveira Reis
- Marianina Brenda V. Valisto
- Marilou F. Trajano
- Marina Moreira
- Mario Arboleda
- Mario Cadena Zapata
- Marisa Liliana Bernan
- Marisela del Rocío González Martínez
- Marisol Sanchez Vargas
- Marius Papurica
- Marjan Rashidan
- Marlene Tasayco Ramos
- Martha Cecilia Culebro Burguet
- Martha Y. Martinez-Marroquin
- Maryam Razaghi
- Maryam Razaghi
- Marzena Zielinska
- Marãa E. Cruz Saldarriaga
- María Eugenia Guzmán Siritt
- María Guadalupe Villa González
- María Magdalena Gutierrez Castillo
- María Marcela Bovera
- Masoud Alebouyeh
- Masoud Alebouyeh
- May Abd El-Fattah
- May Osman Gamar Elanbya
- May Osman Gamar-Elanbya
- Mayra Chango
- Mayur Harshadrai Patel
- Megha Mehrotra
- Mehmet Bakir
- Mehmet Faruk Geyik
- Mehmet Oral
- Meliha Meriç Koç
- Melike Cengiz
- Menekse Ozcelik
- Mercy V. Joseph
- Michael M. Petrov
- Milena Petrovska
- Miriam de Lourdes-Dueñas
- Miriam Patricia Brito
- Misbah Rehman Aziz
- Mohamad Ftouni
- Mohamed Hassan
- Mohammad El-Dossoky Noweir
- Mohammad Mukhit Abdul Gaffar Kazi
- Mohammad Reza Sarbazi
- Mohammad Reza Zali
- Mohammed Abdullah Al Raey
- Mohd Shahnaz Hasan
- Mohit Kharbanda
- Mona Foda Salama
- Mona Mohiedden Abdel-Halim
- Monica Espinosa Valencia
- Monica Sorina Licker
- Monica Viegas
- Montri Luxsuwong
- Mrinmoy Bej
- Mrunalini Subhash Potdar
- Murali Chakravarthy
- Murali Karpagam
- Mustafa Sunbul
- Myrna T. Mendoza
- Nabeela Abdullah Al-Abdullah
- Nada Kara Zahreddine
- Nadeem Paul
- Nadia Lynette Demaisip
- Nagamani Sen
- Nagarajan Ramakrishnan
- Naheed Elahi
- Nahid Mansouri
- Namita Jaggi
- Namphon Supa
- Naoufel Madani
- Naresh Parmar
- Narinder Saini
- Nasser Yehia Aly
- Nassya Hadjieva
- Nassya Hadjieva
- Nayide Barahona Guzman
- Nazario Silva Astete
- Nazif Elaldi
- Necdet Kuyucu
- Necmettin Unal
- Nehat Baftiu
- Nejla Ben-Jaballah
- Nektarios Foteinakis
- Nelly Alquinga
- Nelson Remache
- Nelva Orozco
- Nepomuceno Mejia
- Nepomuceno Mejía
- Nesil Bayraktar
- Nevin Ince
- Ngo Quy Chau
- Nguyen Gia Binh
- Nguyen Gia Binh
- Nguyen Phuc Tien
- Nguyen Quoc Anh
- Nguyen Van Truong
- Nguyen Viet Hung
- Niketa Kaul Pawar
- Nilakshi Kumari
- Nilgün Altın
- Nirav Pandya
- Nisith Mohanty
- Nita Munshi
- Nitin Shinde
- Nonglak Suwalak
- null Dinesh
- Nurettin Erben
- Ofelia P. Javellana
- Oguz Dursun
- Oguz Karabay
- Ojan Assadian
- Olber Chavarria Ugalde
- Omer Erdeve
- Omnarayan Sarda
- Oral Oncul
- Orhan Baylan
- Osiel Requejo-Pino
- Otgon Baatar
- Ovidiu Bedreag
- Ozden Ozgur Horoz
- Ozge Turhan
- Padmalatha Raman
- Paola Andrea Rios
- Paola Deolinda Juarez
- Paola Fabiana Gallardo
- Parichart Phainuphong
- Pattabhiramarao Nadimpalli
- Paulina Alma Ulloa Camacho
- Pedro Fernández González
- Perihan Gunasan
- Phan Thi Hang
- Philip Annamma
- Pornpheth Prasan
- Prafulla Sahoo
- Pravin Kumar Nair
- Preeti Rajeev Mehta
- Priscila Botta
- Prokopis Kithreotis
- Purnima Mukherjee
- Purva Mathur
- R. Kelkar
- R. Sukanya
- Rajesh Kakkar
- Ram Gopalakrishnan
- Ramesh Venkatraman
- Ramona Severino
- Rasha Hamed Elsherif
- Ravikumar Krupanandan
- Rayo Morfin-Otero
- Regina Berba
- Reham Ali Dewdar
- Reham Hamed
- Reinaldo Salomao
- Renata Amaral De Moraes
- Reshma Naik
- Rhoda Gay Rayco
- Ricardo Arteaga Mora
- Ricardo De Souza Kuchenbecker
- Rimantas Kevalas
- Rimita Dey
- Riya Thakkar
- Roaa Hasan Basri
- Roberto Carlos Mares Morales
- Roberto Espinoza Atarama
- Rodolfo Toomey
- Rodrigo Pires Dos Santos
- Rohini Dhawale
- Rosalia Fernández-Hidalgo
- Rosana Richtmann
- Rosita Gasmin Aromin
- Ruby Jose Ramapurath
- Rungratchanee Pimathai
- Rédouane Abouqal
- S. Muralidharan
- S. Sampat
- S. Saranya
- S.K. Biswas
- S.N. Myatra
- Saadet Arsan
- Saban Esen
- Saeed Ali Al Darani
- Salih Cesur
- Sameeh Salem Ghazal
- Samir Sahu
- Samir Sahu
- Sandra Liliana Romero Torres
- Sandra Milena Bonilla
- Sanghamitra Mishra
- Sanjay Bhattacharya
- Sanjay Singhal
- Sanjeev Singh
- Sanjeev Sood
- Sankar Sengupta
- Santosh Singh
- Sarika Juneja
- Saroj Kumar Patnaik
- Sasheela Sri La Sri Ponnampala
- Saswati Sinha
- Seelas Blessymole
- Sehnaz Kaya
- Selene Manga Chavez
- Selin Bardak
- Selvi Yener Erdogan
- Senthilkumar Rajagopal
- Sergey Puzanov
- Sergio Blecher
- Sergio Esparza-Ahumada
- Serhat Unal
- Sevim Karacorlu
- Shamsher Dalal
- Sheena Binu
- Sheena Mary Sibin
- Shefali Bhattacharya
- Shirley Tenorio López
- Shobhana Kumari Kadankunnel
- Shoeb Nizamuddin Kardekar
- Shufang Wang
- Shufang Zhuo
- Sibel Bolukcu
- Silom Jamulitrat
- Simasadat Seyedjavadi
- Simone Amorim
- Siva Kumar
- Sladjana Vasiljevic
- Sneha Mary George
- Snezana Tufekcievska Guroska
- Socorro Torres Zegarra
- Sohini Arora
- Solange Regina Oliveira Castro
- Somayeh Jahani-Sherafat
- Sona Hlinkova
- Sonali Khamkar
- Sonay Incesoy Ozdemir
- Song Liqiang
- Sonia Joseph
- Soniya Thorat
- Souha Sami Kanj
- Soumya Samal
- Srdjan Pasic
- Srinivas Samavedam
- Subhash Kumar Todi
- Subodh Kumar
- Sudhir Gupta
- Sudhiranjan Misra
- Suga Thomas Varghese
- Suha Sen
- Suhas Nirkhiwale
- Sujata Malik
- Sujith Sujith
- Sujoy Mukherjee
- Sukanya Rangaswamy
- Suman Singh
- Sumana Baidya
- Sumi Nandwani
- Summiya Nizamuddin
- Sumru Ozkan
- Suneeta Sahu
- Sunil Bhamare
- Sunil Sharma
- Suo Yao
- Supriya Chabukswar
- Suresh Kumar
- Susana Gutierrez-Martinez
- Susmita Basu
- Suthinee Wanitanukool
- Suvin Shetty
- Suwara Somabutr
- Suzan Sacar
- Suzette A. Bunsay
- Swarna Banergee
- Swathy Sathish
- Sweta Shah
- Syed Faisal Mahmood
- Syed Zahid Bukhari
- Tahsine Mahfouz
- Tala Kardas
- Tamiris Moreira
- Tanıl Kendirli
- Tanja Anguseva
- Tanu Singhal
- Tao Lili
- Tarek Dendane
- Tarquino Eristidesg Sanchez
- Tatiane T. Rodrigues
- Tenzin Zompa
- Teodora Atencio-Espinoza
- Tereza De Jesus Pinheiro Gomes Bandeira
- Thara Francis
- Thejas Vini
- Tomas Kondratas
- Tomasz Lazowski
- Tran Thi My Hanh
- Tran Thi Thuy Hang
- Trudell Mapp
- Truong Anh Thu
- Tânia Mara Lima De Barros Araújo
- Ufuk Cakir
- Umesh Gupta
- V. Raut
- V.R. Ramanan
- Vaibhavi R. Subhedar
- Vaidotas Gurskis
- Valentina Tulupova
- Valter Furlan
- Vanessa A. Marquez Mondalgo
- Vanessa Bermudez
- Vatsal Kothari
- Velmira Angelova Velinova
- Velu Pandi Suresh Kumar
- Vempati Venkateshwar
- Victor Dumitrascu
- Victoria D. Villanueva
- Vikram Padbidri
- Vineya Rai
- Violeta Jivkova Dicheva
- Visanu Thamlikitkul
- Vladimir Kretov
- Vladimir Shalapuda
- Vladislav Belskiy
- Vo Thi Hong Thoa
- Víctor Daniel Rosenthal
- Walter Enrique Prudencio Leon
- Walter Enrique Prudencio Leon
- Wan Nurbayah Wan Yusoff
- Wania Vasconcelos de Freitas
- Wieslawa Duszynska
- Wilmer Villamil-Gomez
- Wong Kang Kwong
- Wu Kangxiong
- Xihua Geng
- Xiuqin Guo
- Xu Ziqin
- Xuesong Yang
- Yasemin Gelebek
- Yassir Khidir Mohammed
- Yatin Mehta
- Yazmin Leon Vega
- Yiang Shumei
- Yuet-Meng Cheong
- Yuri Mariela Perez Hernandez
- Yvis Ruiz
- Zan Mitrev
- Zaneta Bogoevska-Miteva
- Zeina Kanafani
- Zeinab Salah Seliem
- Zenaida Durán Gil De Añez
- Zeynel Gokmen
- Zeynep Kaya
- Ziad Ahmed Memish
- Zoila Rosa Diaz Tavera
- Zoila Rosa Diaz Tavera
- Çağlar Ödek
- Publication venue
- Elsevier Inc
- Publication date
- 01/09/2014
- Field of study
We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN
Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease
- Author
- Alexander K.P.
- Baloch K.
- Bangalore S.
- Boden W.E.
- Cohen D.J.
- Diaz A.
- Gosselin G.
- Harrell F.E.
- Hochman J.S.
- ISCHEMIA Research Group: Joseph Ricci A Tello Montoliu, A I Robero Aniorte, Abbey Mulder, Abhay A Laddu, Abhinav Goyal, Abhishek Dubey, Abhishek Goyal, Abigail Knighton, Abraham Oomman, Adam J Jaskowiak, Adam Kolodziej, Adam Witkowski, Adnan Hameed, Adriana Anesini, Afshan Hussain, Agne Juceviciene, Agne Urboniene, Agnes Jakal, Agnieszka Szramowska, Ahmad Khairuddin, Ahmed Abdel-Latif, Ahmed Adel, Ahmed Aljzeeri, Ahmed Kamal, Ahmed Talaat, Aimee Mann, Aira Contreras, Ajit Kumar, V K Kumar, Akemi Furukawa, Akshay Bagai, Akvile Smigelskaite, Alain Furber, Alain Rheault, Alaine Melanie Loehr, Alan Rosen, Albert Varga, Albertina Qelaj, Alberto Barioli, Aldo Russo, Alec Moorman, Alejandro Gisbert, Aleksandra Fratczak, Aleksandras Laucevicius, Alena Kuleshova, Alessandro Sionis, Alexander A Sirker, Alexander M Chernyavskiy, Alexandra Craft, Alexandra Vazquez, Alexandre Ciappina Hueb, Alexandre S Colafranseschi, Alexandre Schaan de Quadros, Alexandre Tognon, Ali Alghamdi, Alice Manica Muller, Aline Nogueira Raba\ue7a, Aline Peixoto Deiro, Alison Hallam, Allegra Stone, Allison Schley, Almudena Castro, Alvaro Rabelo Ales, Amanda Germann, Amanda O'Malley, Amar Uxa, Amarachi Ojajuni, Amarino C Oliveira Jr, Amber B Hull, Ambuj Roy, Amer Zarka, Amir Janmohamed, Ammani Brown, Ammy Malinay, Amparo Martinez Monzonis, Amy J Richards, Amy Iskandrian, Amy Ollinger, Ana D Djordjevic-Dikic, Ana Fern\ue1ndez Mart\uednez, Ana Gomes Almeida, Ana Paula Batista, Ana Rita Francisco, Ana S Mladenovic, Ana Santana, Anam Siddiqui, Anastasia M Kuzmina-Krutetskaya, Andras Vertes, Andre S Sousa, Andre Gabriel, Andr\ue9 Schmidt, Andrea M Lundeen, Andrea Bartykowszki, Andrea Lorimer, Andrea Mortara, Andrea Pascual, Andreia Coelho, Andreia Rocha, Andr\ue9s Garc\ueda-Rinc\uf3n, Andrew G Howarth, Andrew J Moriarty, Andrew Docherty, Andrew Starovoytov, Andrew Zurick, Andrzej \u141abyk, Andrzej Swiatkowski, Andy Lam, Anelise Kawakami, Angela Hoye, Angela Kim, Angelique Smit, Angelo Nobre, Anil V Shah, Anja Ljubez, Anjali Anand, Ankush Sachdeva, Ann Greenberg, Ann Luyten, Ann Ostrander, Anna Di Donato, Anna Cichocka-Radwan, Anna Fojt, Anna Plachcinska, Anna Proietti, Anna Teresinska, Anne Marie Webb, Anne Cartwright, Anne Heath, Anne Mackin, Anong Amaritakomol, Anong Chaiyasri, Anoop Chauhan, Anoop Mathew, Anthony Gemignani, Anto Luigi Andres, Antonia Vega, Antonietta Hansen, Antonino Ginel Iglesias, Antonio Carlos Carvalho, Antonio Di Chiara, Antonio Serra Pe\uf1aranda, Antonio Carvalho, Antonio Colombo, Antonio Fiarresga, Anupama Rao, Aquiles Valdespino-Estrada, Araceli Boan, Areef Ishani, Ariel Diaz, Arijit Ghosh, Arintaya Prommintikul, Arline Roberts, Arnold H Seto, Arnold P Good, Arshed Quyyumi, Arthur J Labovitz, Arthur Kerner, Arturo S Campos-Santaolalla, Arunima Misra, Ashok Mukherjee, Ashok Seth, Ashraf Seedhom, Asim N Cheema, Asker Ahmed, Atul Mathur, Atul Verma, Audrey W Leong, Axel \uc5kerblom, Axelle Fuentes, Aynun Naher, Badhma Valaiyapathi, Baljeet Kaur, Bandula Guruge, Barbara Brzezi\u144ska, Barbara Nardi, Bartosz Czarniak, Bebek Singh, Bego\uf1a Igual, Bela Merkely, Belen Cid Alvarez, Benjamin J Spooner, Benjamin J W Chow, Benjamin Cheong, Benoy N Shah, Bernard de Bruyne, Bernardas Valecka, Bernhard J\ue4ger, Beth A Archer, Beth Abramson, Beth Jorgenson, Bethany Harvey, Betsy O'Neal, Bev Atkinson, Bev Bozek, Bevin Lang, Bijulal Sasidharan, Bin Yang, Bin Zhang, Binoy Mannekkattukudy Kurian, Bjoern Goebel, Bob Hu, Bogdan A Popescu, Bogdan Crnokrak, Bolin Zhu, Bonnie J Kirby, Brandi D Zimbelman, Brandy Starks, Branko D Beleslin, Brenda Hart, Brian P Shapiro, Brian McCandless, Brianna Wisniewski, Brigham R Smith, Brooks Mirrer, Bruce McManus, Bruce Rutkin, Bruna Edilena Paulino, Bruna Maria Ascoli, Bryn Smith, Byron J Allen, C Michael Gibson, C Noel Bairey Merz, Calin Pop, Cameron Hague, Camila Thais de Ormundo, Candace Gopaul, Candice P Edillo, Car\uedsi A Polanczyk, Carita Krannila, Carla Vicente, Carl-\uc9ric Gagn\ue9, Carlo Briguori, Carlos Pe\uf1a Gil, Carlos Alvarez, Carly Ohmart, Carmen C Beladan, Carmen Ginghina, Carol M Kartje, Caroline Alsweiler, Caroline Brown, Caroline Callison, Caroline Pinheiro, Caroline Rodgers, Caroline Spindler, Carolyn Corbett, Carrie Drum, Casey Riedberger, Catherine Bone, Catherine Fleming, Catherine Gordon, Catherine Jahrsdorfer, Catherine Lemay, Catherine Weick, Cathrine Patten, Cecilia Goletto, Cezary Kepka, Chandini Suvarna, Chang Xu, Chantale Mercure, Charle A Viljoen, Charlene Wiyarand, Charles Jia-Yin Hou, Charles Y Lui, Charles Cannan, Charles Cornet, Charlotte Pirro, Chataroon Rimsukcharoenchai, Chen Wang, Cheng-Ting Tsai, Chen-Yen Chien, Cheryl A Allardyce, Chester M Hedgepeth, Chetan Patel, Chiara Attanasio, Chih-Hsuan Yen, Chi-Ming Chow, Ching Min Er, Ching-Ching Ong, Cholenahally Nanjappa Manjunath, Chris Beck, Chris Buller, Christel Vassaliere, Christian Hamm, Christiano Caldeira, Christie Ballantyne, Christina Bj\uf6rklund, Christine R Hinton, Christine Bergeron, Christine Masson, Christine Roraff, Christine Shelley, Christophe Laure, Christophe Thuaire, Christopher Kinsey, Christopher McFarren, Christopher Spizzieri, Christopher Travill, Chun-Chieh Liu, Chung-Lieh Hung, Chunguang Li, Chun-Ho Yun, Chunli Xia, Ciarra Heard, Cidney Schultz, Clare Venn-Edmonds, Claudia P Hochberg, Claudia Wegmayr, Claudia Cort\ue9s, Claudia Escobar, Cl\ue1udia Freixo, Claudio T Mesquita, Clemens T Kadalie, Colin Berry, Constance Philander, Corine Thobois, Costantino Costantini, Courtney Page, Craig Atkinson, Craig Barr, Craig Paterson, Cristina Bare, Cynthia Baumann, Cynthia Burman, Dalisa Espinosa, Damien Collison, Dan Deleanu, Dan Elian, Dan Gao, Dana Oliver, Daniel P Vezina, Daniel O'Rourke, Daniele Komar, Danielle Schade, Darrel P Francis, Dastan Malaev, David A Bull, David E Winchester, David P Faxon, David Booth, David Cohen, David DeMets, David Foo, David Schlichting, David Taggart, David Waters, David Wohns, Davis Vo, Dawid Teodorczyk, Dawn Shelstad, Dawn Turnbull, Dayuan Li, Dean Kereiakes, Deborah O'Neill, Deborah Yip, Debra K Johnson, Debra Dees, Deepak L Bhatt, Deepika Gopal, Deepti Kumar, Deirdre Mattina, Deirdre Murphy, Delano R Small, Delsa K Rose, Dengke Jiang, Denis Carl Phaneuf, Denise Braganza, Denise Fine, Derek Cyr, Desiree Tobin, Diana Cukali, Diana Parra, Diane Camara, Diane Minshall Liu, Diego Adri\ue1n Vences, Diego Franca de Cunha, Dimitrios Stournaras, Dipti Patel, Dongze Li, Donna Exley, Dorit Grahl, Dragana Stanojevic, Duarte Cacela, Dwayne S G Conway, E Pinar Bermudez, Eapen Punnoose, Edgar L Tay, Edgar Karanjah, Edoardo Verna, Eduardo Hernandez-Rangel, Edward D Nicol, Edward O McFalls, Edward T Martin, Edyta Kaczmarska, Ekaterina I Lubinskaya, Elena A Demchenko, Elena Refoyo Salicio, Eli Feen, Elih\ufa Dur\ue1n-Cort\ue9s, Elisabeth M Janzen, Elise L Hannemann, Elise van Dongen, Elissa Restelli Piloto, Eliza Kaplan, Elizabeta Srbinovska Kostovska, Elizabeth Capasso-Gulve, Elizabeth Congdon, Elizabeth Ferguson, Elizaveta V Zbyshevskaya, Ellen Magedanz, Ellie Fridell, Ellis W Lader, Elvin Kedhi, Emanuela Racca, Emilie Tachot, Emily DeRosa, Encarnaci\uf3n Alonso-\uc1lvarez, Eric Nicollet, Eric Peterson, Erick Alex\ue1nderson Rosas, Erick Donato Morales, Erin Orvis, Ermina Moga, Estelle Montpetit, Estevao Figueiredo, Eugene Passamani, Eugenia Nikolsky, Eunice Yeoh, Evgeniy I Kretov, Ewa Szczerba, Ewelina Wojtala, Expedito Eust\ue1quio Ribeiro Silva, F Marin Ortu\uf1o, Fabio R Farias, Fabio Fimiani, Fabrizio Rolfo, Fa-Chang Yu, Fadi Hage, Fadi Matar, Fahim Haider Jafary, Fang Feng, Fang Liu, Fatima Ranjbaran, Fatima Rodriguez, Fausto J Pinto, Fauzia Rashid, Federica Ramani, Fei Wang, Fernanda Igansi, Filipa Silva, Filippo Ottani, Fiona Haines, Firas Al Solaiman, Fl\ue1via Egydio, Flavio Lyra, Florian Egger, Fran Farquharson, Frances Laube, Francesc Carreras Costa, Francesca de Micco, Francesca Bianchini, Francesca Pezzetta, Francesca Pietrucci, Francesco Orso, Francesco Pisano, Francis Burt, Francisca Patuleia Figueiras, Francisco Fernandez-Aviles, Francois Pierre Mongeon, Frans Van de Werf, Franziska Guenther, Fraser N Witherow, Fred Mohr, Frederico Dall'Orto, Fumiyuki Otsuka, G De La Morena, G Karthikeyan, Gabor Dekany, Gabor Kerecsen, Gabriel Galeote, Gabriel Grossmann, Gabriel Vorobiof, Gabriela Sanchez de Souza, Gabriela Guzman, Gabriela Zeballos, Gabriele Gabrielli, Gabriele Jakl-Kotauschek, Gail A Shammas, Gail Brandt, Gang Chen, Gary E Lane, Gary J Luckasen, Gautam Sharma, Gelmina Mikolaitiene, Gennie Yee, Georg Nickenig, George E Revtyak, George J Juang, Gerald Fletcher, Gerald Leonard, Gerard Patrick Devlin, Gerard Esposito, Gergely \uc1goston, Gervasio Lamas, Geza Fontos, Ghada Mikhail, Gia Cobb, Gian Piero Perna, Gianpiero Leone, Giles Roditi, Gilles Barone-Rochette, Girish Mishra, Giuseppe Tarantini, Glenda Wong, Glenn S Hamroff, Glenn Rayos, Gong Cheng, Gonzalo Barge-Caballero, Goran Davidovi\u107, Goran Stankovic, Gordana Stevanovic, Grace Jingyan Wang, Grace M Young, Graceanne Wayser, Graciela Scaro, Graham S Hillis, Graham Wong, Grazyna Anna Szulczyk, Gregor Simonis, Gregory Kumkumian, Gretchen Ann Peichel, Grzegorz Gajos, Gudrun Steinmaurer, Guilherme G Rucatti, Guilherme Portugal, Guilhermina Cantinho Lopes, Guillem Pons Llad\uf3, Gunnar Frostfelt, Gurpreet S Wander, Gurpreet Gulati, Gustavo Pucci, Hafidz Abd Hadi, Haibo Zhang, Haitao Wang, Halina Marciniak, Han Chen, Hanan Kerr, Hani Najm, Hanna Douglas, Hannah Phillips, Hao Dai, Haojian Dong, Haqeel Jamil, Harikrishnan Sivadasanpillai, Harry Suryapranata, Hassan Reda, Hayley Pomeroy, Heather Barrentine, Heather Golden, Heather Hurlburt, Heidi Wilson, Helen C Tucker, Helene Abergel, Hemalata Siddaram, Hermine Osseni, Herwig Schuchlenz, Hesong Zeng, Hicham Skali, Hilda Solomon, Hollie Horton, Holly Hetrick, Holly Little, Holly Park, Hongjie Chi, Hossam Mahrous, Howard A Levite, Hristo Pejkov, Huajun Li, Hugo Bloise-Adames, Hugo Marques, Hui Zhong, Hui-Min Zhang, Humayrah Hashim, Hung-I Yeh, Hussien El Fishawy, Ian Webb, Iftikhar Kullo, Igor O Grazhdankin, Ihab Hamzeh, Ikraam Hassan, Ikuko Ueda, Ileana L Pina, Ilona Tamasauskiene, Ilse Bouwhuis, Imran Arif, Ina Wenzelburger, In\ueas Zimbarra Cabrita, Ines Rodrigues, Inga H Robbins, Inga Soveri, Ingela Schnittger, Iqbal Karimullah, Ira M Dauber, Iram Rehman, Irena Peovska Mitevska, Irene Marthe Lang, Irina Subbotina, Irma Kalibataite-Rutkauskiene, Irni Yusnida, Isabel Estela Carvajal, Isabella C Palazzo, Isabelle Hogan, Isabelle Roy, Ishba Syed, Ishita Tejani, Ivan A Naryshkin, Ivana Jankovic, Iwona Niedzwiecka, J David Knight, Jacek Kusmierek, Jackie M White, Jackie Chow, Jacob Udell, Jacqueline E Tamis-Holland, Jacqueline Fannon, Jacquelyn A Quin, Jacquelyn Do, Jaekyeong Heo, Jakub Maksym, James E Davies, James H O'Keefe Jr, James J Jang, James Cha, James Harrison, James Hirsch, James Stafford, James Tatoulis, Jamie Rankin, Jan Henzel, Jan Orga, Jana Tancredi, Janaina Oliveira, Jane Burton, Jane Eckstein, Jane Marucci, Janet P Knight, Janet Blount, Janet Halliday, Janetta Kourzenkova, Janitha Raj, Jan-Malte Sinning, Jaqueline Pozzibon, Jaroslaw Drozdz, Jaroslaw Karwowski, Jason D Glover, Jason Loh Kwok, Jason T Call, Jason Linefsky, Jassira Gomes, Jati Anumpa, Javier J Garcia, Javier Courtis, Jay Meisner, K Jayakumar, Jayne Scales, Jean E Denaro, Jean Michel Juliard, Jean Ho, Jeanette K Stansborough, Jean-Michel Juliard, Jeanne Russo, Jeannette J M Schoep, Jeet Thambyrajah, Jeff Leimberger, Jeffery A Breall, Jeffrey A Kohn, Jeffrey C Milliken, Jeffrey Anderson, Jeffrey Blume, Jeffrey Kanters, Jeffrey Lorin, Jeffrey Moses, Jelena J Stepanovic, Jelena Celutkiene, Jelena Djokic, Jelena Stojkovic, Jenne M Jose, Jenne Manchery, Jennifer A Mull, Jennifer H Czerniak, Jennifer L Stanford, Jennifer Gillis, Jennifer Horst, Jennifer Isaacs, Jennifer Langdon, Jennifer Thomson, Jennifer Tomfohr, Jennifer White, Jen-Yuan Kuo, Jeremy Rautureau, Jerome Fleg, Jessica Berg, Jessica Rodriguez, Jessica Waldron, Jhina Patro, Jia Li, Jiajia Mao, Jiamin Liu, Jian'an Wang, Jianhua Li, Jianxin Zhang, Jie Qi, Jihyun Lyo, Jill Marcus, Jim Blankenship, Jing Zhang, Jingjing Liu, Jing-Yao Fan, Jiun-Yi Li, Jiwan Pradhan, Jiyan Chen, J M Rivera Caravaca, Jo Evans, Joan Garcia Picart, Joan Hecht, Joanna Jaroch, Joanna Zalewska, Joanne Kelly, Joanne Taaffe, Jo\ue3o Reynaldo Abbud, Jo\ue3o V Vitola, Joaqu\uedn V Pe\uf1afiel, Jocelyne Benatar, Jody Bindeman, Joe Sabik, Joel Klitch, Johann Christopher, Johannes Aspberg, John D Friedman, John F Beltrame, John F Heitner, John Joseph Graham, John R Davies, John Doan, John Kotter, John Kurian, John Mukai, John Pownall, Jolanta Sobolewska, Jon Kobashigawa, Jonathan L Goldberg, Jonathan W Bazeley, Jonathan Byrne, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Jonathan Leipsic, Jonean Thorsen, Jorge F Trejo Gutierrez, Jorge Escobedo, Jorik Timmer, Jos\ue9 A Ortega-Ram\uedrez, Jos\ue9 Antonio Marin-Neto, Jose D Salas, Jose Enrique Castillo, Jose Francisco Saraiva, Jos\ue9 J Cuenca-Castillo, Jose L Diez, Jos\ue9 Luis Narro Villanueva, Jos\ue9 Luiz da Vieira, Jos\ue9 M Flores-Palacios, Jose Ramon Gonzalez, Jose Seijas Amigo, Jose Fragata, Josep Maria Padr\uf3, Josheph F X McGarvey Jr, Joseph Hannan, Joseph Sacco, Joseph Sweeny, Joseph Wiesel, Josephine D Abraham, Joshua P Loh, Joy Burkhardt, Joyce R White, Joyce Riestenberg-Smith, Judit Sebo, Judith L Meadows, Judith Wright, Judy Mae Foltz, Judy Hung, Judy Otis, Juergen Stumpf, Jui-Peng Tsai, Julia S Dionne, Julia de Aveiro Morata, Julie Bunke, Julie Morrow, Julio C\ue9sar Figal, Jun Fujita, Jun Jiang, Junhua Li, Junqing Yang, Juntima Euathrongchit, Jyotsna Garg, K Manjula Rani, K Preethi, Kaatje Goetschalckx, Kai Eggers, Kamalakar Surineni, Kanae Hirase, T R Kapilamoorthy, Karen Calfas, Karen Gratrix, Karen Hallett, Karen Hultberg, Karen Nugent, Karen Petrosyan, Karen Swan, Karolina Kryczka, Karolina Wojtczak-Soska, Karolina Wojtera, Karsten Lenk, Karthik Ramasamy, Katarzyna \u141uczak, Katarzyna Malinowska, Kate Pointon, Kate Robb, Katherine Martin, Kathleen Claes, Kathryn Carruthers, Kathy E Siegel, Katia Drouin, Katie Fowler-Lehman, Kavita Rawat, Kay Rowe, Keiichi Fukuda, Keith A A Fox, Ken Mahaffey, Kendra Unterbrink, Kenneth Giedd, Kerrie Van Loo, Kerry Lee, Kerstin Bonin, Kevin R Bainey, Kevin T Harley, Kevin Anstrom, Kevin Chan, Kevin Croce, Kevin Landolfo, Kevin Marzo, Keyur Patel, Khaled Abdul-Nour, Khaled Alfakih, Khaled Dajani, Khaled Ziada, Khaula Baloch, Khrystyna Kushniriuk, Kian-Keong Poh, Kim F Ireland, Kim Holland, Kimberly Ann Byrne, Kimberly E Halverson, Kimberly Elmore, Kimberly Miller-Cox, Kiran Reddy, Kirsten J Quiles, Kirsty Abercrombie, Klaus Matschke, Konrad Szymczyk, Koo Hui Chan, Kotiboinna Preethi, Kozhaya Sokhon, Krissada Meemuk, Kristian Thygesen, Kristin M Salmi, Kristin Newby, Kristina Wippler, Kristine Arges, Kristine Teoh, Krystal Etherington, Krystyna \u141oboz-Grudzie\u144, Krzysztof W Reczuch, Krzysztof Bury, Krzysztof Drzymalski, Krzysztof Kuku\u142a, Kuo-Tzu Sung, Kurt Huber, Ladda Douangvila, Lance Sullenberger, Larissa Miranda Trama, Laszlone Matics, Laura Drew, Laura Flint, Laura Keinaite, Laura Sarti, Laurel Kolakaluri, Lawrence M Phillips, Lawrence Friedman, Lawrence Phillips, Lazar Velicki, Leah Howell, Leandro C Maranan, Leanne Cox, Ledjalem Daba, Lei Zhang, Lekshmi Dharmarajan, Leo Bockeria, Leonardo Pizzol Caetano, Leonardo Bridi, Leonid L Bershtein, Leszek Sokalski, Li Hai Yan, Li Li, Lia Nijmeijer, Lidia Sousa, Lihong Xu, Lihua Zhang, Lili Zhang, Lilia Schiavi, Lilian Mazza Barbosa, Lillian L Khor, Lina Felix-Stern, Linda L Hall, Linda M Hollenweger, Linda Arcand, Linda Davidson-Ray, Linda Schwarz, Lindsey N Sikora, Lingping Chi, Lino Patricio, Liping Zhang, Lisa Chaytor, Lisa Hatch, Lisa McCloy, Lisa Wong, Liselotte Persson, Lixin Jiang, Liz Low, Ljiljana Pupic, Lo\uefc Bi\ue8re, Lorenzo Monti, Lori Christensen, Lori Pritchard, Loriane Black, Lori-Ann Desimone, Lori-Ann Larmand, Lorraine McGregor, Louise Morby, Louise Thomson, Luc Harvey, Luciana de P\ue1dua Baptista, Lucilla Garcia, Ludivine Eliahou, Ludmila Helmer, Luis F Smidt, Luis Bernanrdes, Luis Guzman, Luiz A Carvalho, Luyang Xiong, Lynette L Teo, Lynn M Neeson, Lynne Winstanley, M Barbara Srichai-Parsia, M Quintana Giner, M Sowjanya Reddy, M Vald\ue9s Ch\ue1varri, M Grazia Rossi, Maarten Simoons, Maayan Konigstein, Maciej Lesiak, Maciej Olsowka, Mafalda Selas, Magalie Corfias, Magdalena Madero Rovalo, Magdalena \u141anocha, Magdalena Miller, Magdalena Misztal-Teodorczyk, Magdalena Rantinella, Magdy Abdelhamid, Magnolia Jimenez, Mahboob Alam, Mahevamma Mylarappa, Mahfouz El Shahawy, Mahmoud Mohamed, Mahmud Al-Bustami, Majo X Joseph, Malgorzata Frach, Ma\u142gorzta Celi\u144ska-Spodar, Malte Helm, Manas Chacko, Mandy Murphy, Manitha Vinod, Manjula Rani, Manu Dhawan, Manuela Mombelli, Marcel Weber, Marcello Galvani, Marcelo Jamus Rodrigues, Marcia F Dubin, Marcia F Werner Bayer, Marcin Szkopiak, Marco Antonio Monsalve, Marco Bizzaro Santos, Marco Magnoni, Marco Marini, Marco Sicuro, Marco Zenati, Marcos Val\ue9rio Coimbra Resende, Marek Roik, Margalit Bentzvi, Margaret Gilsenan, Margaret Iraola, Margot C Quinn, Maria A Alfonso, Maria Antonieta Pereira Moraes, Mar\ueda Dolores Mart\uednez-Ru\uedz, Mar\ueda Fernanda Canales, Maria In\ueas Caetano, Maria P Corral, Maria P\ue9rez Garc\ueda, Maria Victoria Actis, Maria Aguirre, Maria Andreasson, Maria Aprile, Maria Colton, Maria Eugenia Martin, Maria Lasala, Maria Lorenzo, Maria Posada, Maria Shier, Maria Thottam, Mariana V Furtado, Mariana Yumi Okada, Marianna D A Dracoulakis, Marianne De Andrade, Mariano Rubio, Marie Essermark, Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie, Marija T Petrovic, Marija Zdravkovic, Marilyn Black, Marina Garcia, Mario J Garcia, Mariola Szulik, Marisa Orgera, Mark A de Belder, Mark Harbinson, Mark Hyun, Mark Peterson, Mark Xavier, Marlowe Mosley, Marta Capinha, Marta Marcinkiewicz-Siemion, Marta Swiderek, Martha Meyer, Martina Ceseri, Martina Tricoli, Marvin Kronenberg, Mary Williams, Mary Ann Champagne, Mary Colleen Rogge, Mary R Soltau, Mary Streif, Massimo Villella, Massoud Leesar, Matei Claudia, Mateusz Solecki, Mat\uedas Nicol\ue1s Mungo, Matthew Wall Jr, Matthew Budoff, Matthew Jezior, Matthew Luckie, Matthias Friedrich, Mauren P Haeffner, Maximilian Tscharre, Max-Paul Winter, Mayana Almeida, Mayil S Krishnam, Mayuri Patel, Meenakshi Mishra, Megan Manocchia, Meghana Kakade, Melanie J Munro, Melissa D Chaplin, Melissa LeFevre, Mervyn Andiapen, Michael A Gibson, Michael B Rubens, Michael C Turner, Michael D Shapiro, Michael W Lee, Michael Berlowitz, Michael Davidson, Michael Mack, Michael McDaniel, Michael Mumma, Michal Wlodarczyk, Michel G Khouri, Michel S Slama, Michele Rawlins, Michelle M Bonner, Michelle M Seib, Michelle Chang, Michelle Crowder, Michelle Dixon, Michelle Mayon, Michelle McEvoy, Michelle Yee, Miguel M Fernandes, Miguel Nobre Menezes, Miguel Souto Bayarri, Miguel Barrero, Mikhail T Torosoff, Milan R Dobric, Milan Dobric, Milica Nikola Dekleva, Milind Avdhoot Gadkari, Millie Gomez, Min Tun Kyaw, Miriam Brooks, Miroslav Stevo Martinovic, Mitchel B Lustre, Mohammad Tariq Vakani, Mohammad El-Hajjar, Mohammed Al-Amoodi, Mohammed Hussain, Mohammed Saleem, Mois\ue9s Blanco-Calvo, Mois\ue9s Jim\ue9nez-Santos, Mona Bhatia, Monica Rosca, Monika Laukyte, Montserrat Gracida Blanca, Montserrat Vila Perales, Mouaz H Al-Mallah, Moys\ue9s de Oliveira Filho, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Muhamed Saric, Mulei Chen, Myriam Brousseau, Myrthes Emy Takiuti, Nada Cemerlic-Adjic, Nadia Asif, Nadia Gakou, Nafisa Hussain, Nana O Katamadze, Nancy L Clapp, Nancy Aedy, Nandita Nataraj, Nanette K Wenger, Naomi Uchida, Nasrul Ismail, Natalia S Oliveira, Natalia de Carvalho Maffei, Natalie Spitzer, Natasha C Putnam, Naved Aslam, Neamat Mowafy, Neeraj Pandit, Neeraj Parakh, Nevena Garcevic, Ngaire Meadows, Nhi N Tran, Nicholas Danchin, Nicki Lakeman, Nicola Johnston, Nicolas W Shammas, Nicole Saint Vrestil, Nicole Deming, Nier Zhong, Niket Patel, Nikola N Boskovic, Nikolaos Karogiannis, Nikos Werner, Nina Johnston, Ning Zhang, Ning Zhou, Niree Hindoyan, Nirmal Kumar, Nitika Chadha, Nitish Naik, Nodira Aripova, Noloyiso Mtana, Nona A Eskelson, Noor Syamira Mokhtar, Noppon Taksaudom, Nor Asiah Basri, Nora Marchelletta, Norma Hogg, Nungshi Jungla, Nuno Ferreira, Oksana A Lubyanaya, Olga B Nikolaeva, Olga Ca\uf1avate, Olga Sobrino, Olga Walesiak, Olga Walter, Olga Zdo\u144czyk, Olivia J Lim, Olivia Anaya, Olivia Mancilla, Olivier Dubourg, Olugbenga Bello, Omar Almousalli, Omar Thompson, Oni Olurinde, Or Harel, Osama Raheem, Oscar M\ue9ndiz, 3scar Prada-Delgado, Oz Shapira, P Christian Schulze, Pachara Panpunuan, Pal Maurovich-Horvat, Pallav Garg, Paloma Moraga, Pam Singh, Pamela Julian, Pamela Ouyang, Pamela Sigel, Pamela Woodard, Panpan Zhou, Paola Emanuela Poggio, Paola Smanio, Paolo Calabro, Paramjit Jeetley, Pascal Goube, Patricia K Nguyen, Patricia Alarie, Patricia Arakelian, Patricia Arsenault, Patricia Blaise, Patricia Brito, Patricia Cowper, Patricia Endsley, Patricia Mieses, Patrick B Alexander, Patrick Donnelly, Patrick Wilmot, Patrycja Lebioda, Paul C Gordon, Paul Der Mesropian, Paul Galiwango, Paul Hauptman, Paul Kennedy, Paula Beardsley, Paula Garc\ueda-Gonz\ue1lez, Paulo Cury Rezende, Paulo Ricardo Caramori, Pavel S Kozlov, Pedro Canas Silva, Pedro Gabriel Melo Barros E Silva, Pedro P\uedccaro de Oliveira, Pedro Carvalho, Pedro Modas, Pedro Rio, Peeyush Jain, Peiyu He, Peter A McCullough, Peter H Stone, Peter M Pollak, Peter Douglass, Peter Henriksen, Peter OKane, Peter Ong, Philip Jones, Philip Rogal, Philippe G\ue9n\ue9reux, Philippe Menasche, Philippe Rheault, Phoebe Goold, Pierre Gervais, Pierre Michaud, Pilar Calvillo, Ping Chai, Piotr Jakubowski, Piotr Pruszczyk, Piotr Slomka, Piyamitr Sritara, Poay-Huan Loh, Poonam Sonawane, Pouneh Samadi, Pragnesh P Parikh, Prakash Deedwania, Pranav M Patel, Praneeth Polamuri, Pratiksha Sharma, Precilia Vasquez, Preeti Kamath, Prince Thomas, Priyadarshani Arambam, Puja K Mehta, Purvez Grant, Pushpa Naik, Qi Zhong, Qian Zhao, Qiang Zhou, Qianqian Yuan, Qin Yu, Qingxian Li, Qiulan Xie, Qiutang Zeng, R J Vindhya, R James Gerlach, Rachel King, Rada Vu\u10di\u107, Radmila Lyubarova, Radoslaw Pracon, Raewyn Fisher, Rafael Beyar, Rafael Diaz, Rafael Selgas, Raffaele Bugiardini, Raffaele Fanelli, Raisa Kavalakkat, V S Rajalekshmi, Rajat S Barua, Rajeev Menon, Rajesh Gopalan Nair, Rajesh Francis, Rajiv Narang, Rakesh Yadav, Ralph Alan Huston, T Ramakrishnan, Ramesh de Silva, Rami El Mahmoud, Ramiro Carvalho, Ramon de Jes\ufas-P\ue9rez, Ramona Stevens, Ran Leng, Ranjan Kachru, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Raquel Sanchez, Raven R Dwyer, Raven Lee, Ray Wyman, Raymond C Wong, Raymond W Little, Raymundo Ocaranza Sanchez, Rebecca J Wimmer, Rebecca Bariciano, Rebecca Otis, Rebekah R Herrmann, Reem Yunis, Reinette Hampson, Renato Abdala Karam, Renee C Hessian, Renee Kaneshiro, Reshma Ravindran, Reto Andreas Gamma, Reyna Bhandari, Reza Arsanjani, Ricardo L Lopes, Ricardo Mendes Oliveira, Ricardo Costa, Richa Bhatt, Richard F Davies, Richard H J Trimlett, Richard Goldweit, Rik Hermanides, Rine Nakanishi, Rinu R Sidh, Risha Patel, Rita Coram, Rizwan A Siddiqui, Rob S Beanlands, Robert J Hamburger, Robert K Riezebos, Robert M Donnino, Robert Bojar, Robert Chilton, Robert Guyton, Robert Henderson, Robert Kornberg, Robert Leber, Robert Mao, Robert Stenberg, Roberta P Santos, Roberto Ren\ue9 Favaloro, Roberto Amati, Rodolfo G S D Lima, Rodrigo J Cerci, Rogerio Tumelero, Rohit Tandon, Roma Tewari, Romalisa Miranda-Peats, Ron Wald, Ronald A Mastouri, Ronald G Morford, Ronald G Schwartz, Ronald P Pedalino, Rongrong Hu, Ronnell A Hansen, Ronny A Cohen, Rory Hachamovitch, Rosa Homem, Rosa Sandonato, Rosane Laimer, Rosann Gans, Roxanne Yost, Roy Mathew, Rub\ue9n Bale\uf3n-Espinosa, Ruben Ramos, Rubine Gevorgyan, Rui Ferreira, Rui Jing, Ruth P\ue9rez-Fern\ue1ndez, S K Dwivedi, S Ramakrishnan, Saadat Khan, Sabahat Bokhari, Sabu Thomas, Sadath Lubna, Sajeeda Parveen Khan, Sajeev Chakanalil Govindan, Saket Girotra, Saleem Kassam, Sallie Canada, Salvador Cruz-Flores, Samaa Mohamed, Samantha Ly, Sameh El Kaffas, Samia Massalha, Sampoornima Setty, Samuel Nwosu, Sandeep Seth, Sandeep Singh, Sander R Niehe, Sandra M Rivest, Sandra S Zier, Sandra Ahoud, Sandy Carr, Sanjay Ganapathi, Sanjay Shetty, Sanjeev Sharma, Santa Jimenez, Santhosh Satheesh, Santiago A Garcia, Sara Fernandez, Sara Karlsson, Sara Salkind, Sara Temiyasathit, Sarah Medina Rodriguez, Sarah Beaudry, Sarah Hadjih, Sarah Williams, Sarah Zahrani, Sarju Ralhan, Sasa Hinic, Sasko Kedev, Satinder Singh, Satoshi Yasuda, Satvic Cholenahally Manjunath, Sau Lee, Scott M Kaczkowski, Scott Kinlay, Sean W Hayes, Sebastian Sobczak, Senait Asier, Sergey A Sayganov, Seth I Sokol, Shaheen Pandie, Shaiful Azmi Yahaya, Shamir Mehta, Shao-Ping Nie, Sharad Chandra, Sharder Islam, Sharon Tai, Sheetal Rupesh Karwa, Sheri Ussery, Sheromani Bajaj, Sherron C Crook, Shigeyuki Nishimura, Shintaro Nakano, Shirin Heydari, Shiv Kumar Choudhary, Shivali Patel, Shobana Ganesan, Shruti Pandey, Shuyang Zhang, Shweta Hande, Siddharth Gadage, Sik-Yin V Tan, Silvia Zottis Poletti, Silvia Riera, Silvia Valbuena, Simon Walsh, Simona Maspoli, Simone Savaris, Si-Ting Feng, So Yang Cho, Solomon Yakubov, Songlin Zhu, Songtao Wang, Sonia Guerrero, Sonika Gupta, Sonja Salinger Martinovic, Sonya Brons, Sorin Brener, Sothinathan Gurunathan, Souheil Saba, Soundarya Nayak, Sowjanya Reddy, Srinivasa Potluri, Sriram Sudarshan, Srun Kuanprasert, Stacie Van Oosterhout, Stamatios Lerakis, Stanley E Cobos, Stefan C Bertog, Stefan M Simovi\u107, Stefan Weikl, Stefano Di Marco, Stefano Provasoli, Stephanie A Tirado, Stephanie C Boer, Stephanie M Lane, Stephanie Ferket, Stephanie Kelly, Stephanie Wasmiller, Stephen H McKellar, Stephen P Hoole, Stephen Fremes, Stephen Preston, Steve Leung, Steven A Fein, Steven J Lindsay, Steven P Sedlis, Steven Giovannone, Steven Michael, Steven Weitz, Stijn van Vugt, Subhash Banerjee, Sudhir Naik, Suellen Hosino, Sukie Desire, Sukit Yamwong, Suku T Thambar, Sulagna Mookherjee, Suman Singh, Sundeep Mishra, Sunil Kumar Verma, Supap Kulthawong, Supatchara Khwakhong, Surendra Naik, Suresh Babu, Surin Woragidpoonpol, Suryaprakash Narayanappa, Susan Derbyshire, Susan Gent, Susan Mathus, Susan Milbrandt, Susan Moore, Susan Regan, Susan Stinson, Susan Webber, Susana Silva, Susanna Stevens, Susanne Gruensfelder, Suthara Aramcharoen, Suvarna Kolhe, Suzana Tavares, Suzanne Arnold, Suzanne Welsh, Svetlana Apostolovic, Swapna Kunhunny, Ta-Chuan Hung, Taissa Zappernick, Tali Sharir, Talita Silva, Tamara Colai\ue1covo Soares, Tapan Umesh Pillay, Tarun K Mittal, Tatiana Trifonova, Tauane Bello Duarte, Tauqir Huk, T\ue9odora Dutoiu, Terrance Chua, Terry Weyand, Thabitha Charles, Theodoros Kofidis, Theresa McCreary, Thierry Lefevre, Thippeekaa Arumairajah, Thitipong Tepsuwan, Thomas J Mulhearn, Thomas M Meyer, Thomas P Rocco, Thomas R Downes, Thomas Crain, Thomas Haldis, Thomas Mathew, Thomas Redick, Thounaojam Indira Devi, Thuraia Nageh, Tia Cauthren, Tiago Silva, Tiffany Little, Tijana Andric, Tina Harding, Titus Lau, Tiziana Formisano, Tiziano Moccetti, Tomasz Ciurus, Tomasz Mazurek, Tomasz Tarchalski, Toshiyuki Nagai, Tri Tran, Tricia Youn, Trish Tucker, Trudie Milner, Tuhina Bose, Tushar Kotecha, Udo Sechtem, Uma S Valeti, Umberto Cucchini, Umesh Badami, Upendra Kaul, V K Bahl, V S Narain, Valentina Casali, Valeria Godoy, Valerie Robesyn, Vamshi P Priya, Vandana Yadav, Vera McKinney, Veronica De Lenges, Veronica Tinnirello, Vicente Miro, Victor Navarro, Victoria Gumerova, Victoria Hernandez, Vidya Seeratan, Vijay Kumar, Vikentiy Y Kozulin, Viktoria Bulkley, Vilmar Veiga Jr, Vincent Setang, C P Vineeth, Virginai Pubull Nu\uf1ez, Virginia Fern\ue1ndez-Figares, Vitor Gomes, Viviana Gabriel, Viviane Dos Santos, Viviane Almeida, Vlad A Iliescu, Vladan Mudrenovic, Vladimir Dzavik, Vojislav L Giga, Walter Enrique Mogrovejo, Wan Xian Chan, Wanda C Marfori, Wanda Parker, Warangkana Mekara, Wassim Nona, Wayne Old, Wayne Pennachi, Weerachai Nawarawong, Wei Chen, Wei Su, Weibing Xing, Wei-Ren Lan, Wenda Crawford, Wendy L Stewart, Wendy Drewes, Wenhua Lin, William B Abernethy, William D Salerno, William F Fearon, William Vergoni, William Weintraub, Winnie C Sia, Wlodzimierz J Musial, Xacobe Flores-R\uedos, Xavier Garcia-Moll Marimon, Xi Su, Xiang Ma, Xiangqiong Gu, Xiao Wang, Xiaomei Li, Xiaowei Yao, Xin Fu, Xin Su, Xin Zeng, Xinchun Yang, Xiuhong Li, Xuehua Fang, Xutong Wang, Yaming Geng, Yan Yan, Yanek P\ue9pin-Dubois, Yanfu Wang, Yang Wang, Yanmeng Tian, Yaping Huang, Yechen Han, Yesenia Zambrano, Yi-Hsuan Yang, Ying Tung Sia, Yining Yang, Yitong Ma, Yolayfi Peralta, Yongjian Wu, Yu Kunwu, Yu Zhao, Yudong Peng, Yueh-Hung Lin, Yulan Zhao, Yumei Dong, Yunhai Zhao, Yutthaphan Wannasopha, Yvonne Taul, Zakir Sahul, Zalina Kudzoeva, Zbigniew Kalarus, Zeljko Z Markovic, Zhen Huang, Zheng Ji, Zhenyu Liu, Zhou Yue, Zhulin Zhang, Zhuxi Li, Zile Singh Meharwal, Ziliang Bai, Zixiang Yu, Zohra Huda, Zoltan Davidovits
- Jones P.G.
- Mark D.B
- Maron D.J.
- Mavromatis K.
- Mavromichalis S.
- Newman J.D.
- O'Brien S.M.
- Reynolds H.R.
- Rosenberg Y.
- Spertus J.A.
- Stone G.W.
- Weintraub W.S.
- Publication venue
- 'Massachusetts Medical Society'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline
Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease
- Author
- Alexander K.P.
- Ali Z.A.
- Bangalore S.
- Berger J.S.
- Berman D.S.
- Bhargava B.
- Bockeria O.
- Boden W.E.
- Broderick S.
- Bruce Ferguson T.
- Chaitman B.R.
- Demkow M.
- Doerr R.
- Elghamaz A.
- Gabriel Steg P.
- Goodman S.G.
- Gosselin G.
- Harrell F.E.
- Harrington R.A.
- Held C.
- Hochman J.S.
- Hueb W.A.
- ISCHEMIA Research Group: Joseph Ricci A Tello Montoliu, A I Robero Aniorte, Abbey Mulder, Abhay A Laddu, Abhinav Goyal, Abhishek Dubey, Abhishek Goyal, Abigail Knighton, Abraham Oomman, Adam J Jaskowiak, Adam Kolodziej, Adam Witkowski, Adnan Hameed, Adriana Anesini, Afshan Hussain, Agne Juceviciene, Agne Urboniene, Agnes Jakal, Agnieszka Szramowska, Ahmad Khairuddin, Ahmed Abdel-Latif, Ahmed Adel, Ahmed Aljzeeri, Ahmed Kamal, Ahmed Talaat, Aimee Mann, Aira Contreras, Ajit Kumar, V K Kumar, Akemi Furukawa, Akshay Bagai, Akvile Smigelskaite, Alain Furber, Alain Rheault, Alaine Melanie Loehr, Alan Rosen, Albert Varga, Albertina Qelaj, Alberto Barioli, Aldo Russo, Alec Moorman, Alejandro Gisbert, Aleksandra Fratczak, Aleksandras Laucevicius, Alena Kuleshova, Alessandro Sionis, Alexander A Sirker, Alexander M Chernyavskiy, Alexandra Craft, Alexandra Vazquez, Alexandre Ciappina Hueb, Alexandre S Colafranseschi, Alexandre Schaan de Quadros, Alexandre Tognon, Ali Alghamdi, Alice Manica Muller, Aline Nogueira Raba\ue7a, Aline Peixoto Deiro, Alison Hallam, Allegra Stone, Allison Schley, Almudena Castro, Alvaro Rabelo Ales, Amanda Germann, Amanda O'Malley, Amar Uxa, Amarachi Ojajuni, Amarino C Oliveira Jr, Amber B Hull, Ambuj Roy, Amer Zarka, Amir Janmohamed, Ammani Brown, Ammy Malinay, Amparo Martinez Monzonis, Amy J Richards, Amy Iskandrian, Amy Ollinger, Ana D Djordjevic-Dikic, Ana Fern\ue1ndez Mart\uednez, Ana Gomes Almeida, Ana Paula Batista, Ana Rita Francisco, Ana S Mladenovic, Ana Santana, Anam Siddiqui, Anastasia M Kuzmina-Krutetskaya, Andras Vertes, Andre S Sousa, Andre Gabriel, Andr\ue9 Schmidt, Andrea M Lundeen, Andrea Bartykowszki, Andrea Lorimer, Andrea Mortara, Andrea Pascual, Andreia Coelho, Andreia Rocha, Andr\ue9s Garc\ueda-Rinc\uf3n, Andrew G Howarth, Andrew J Moriarty, Andrew Docherty, Andrew Starovoytov, Andrew Zurick, Andrzej \u141abyk, Andrzej Swiatkowski, Andy Lam, Anelise Kawakami, Angela Hoye, Angela Kim, Angelique Smit, Angelo Nobre, Anil V Shah, Anja Ljubez, Anjali Anand, Ankush Sachdeva, Ann Greenberg, Ann Luyten, Ann Ostrander, Anna Di Donato, Anna Cichocka-Radwan, Anna Fojt, Anna Plachcinska, Anna Proietti, Anna Teresinska, Anne Marie Webb, Anne Cartwright, Anne Heath, Anne Mackin, Anong Amaritakomol, Anong Chaiyasri, Anoop Chauhan, Anoop Mathew, Anthony Gemignani, Anto Luigi Andres, Antonia Vega, Antonietta Hansen, Antonino Ginel Iglesias, Antonio Carlos Carvalho, Antonio Di Chiara, Antonio Serra Pe\uf1aranda, Antonio Carvalho, Antonio Colombo, Antonio Fiarresga, Anupama Rao, Aquiles Valdespino-Estrada, Araceli Boan, Areef Ishani, Ariel Diaz, Arijit Ghosh, Arintaya Prommintikul, Arline Roberts, Arnold H Seto, Arnold P Good, Arshed Quyyumi, Arthur J Labovitz, Arthur Kerner, Arturo S Campos-Santaolalla, Arunima Misra, Ashok Mukherjee, Ashok Seth, Ashraf Seedhom, Asim N Cheema, Asker Ahmed, Atul Mathur, Atul Verma, Audrey W Leong, Axel \uc5kerblom, Axelle Fuentes, Aynun Naher, Badhma Valaiyapathi, Baljeet Kaur, Bandula Guruge, Barbara Brzezi\u144ska, Barbara Nardi, Bartosz Czarniak, Bebek Singh, Bego\uf1a Igual, Bela Merkely, Belen Cid Alvarez, Benjamin J Spooner, Benjamin J W Chow, Benjamin Cheong, Benoy N Shah, Bernard de Bruyne, Bernardas Valecka, Bernhard J\ue4ger, Beth A Archer, Beth Abramson, Beth Jorgenson, Bethany Harvey, Betsy O'Neal, Bev Atkinson, Bev Bozek, Bevin Lang, Bijulal Sasidharan, Bin Yang, Bin Zhang, Binoy Mannekkattukudy Kurian, Bjoern Goebel, Bob Hu, Bogdan A Popescu, Bogdan Crnokrak, Bolin Zhu, Bonnie J Kirby, Brandi D Zimbelman, Brandy Starks, Branko D Beleslin, Brenda Hart, Brian P Shapiro, Brian McCandless, Brianna Wisniewski, Brigham R Smith, Brooks Mirrer, Bruce McManus, Bruce Rutkin, Bruna Edilena Paulino, Bruna Maria Ascoli, Bryn Smith, Byron J Allen, C Michael Gibson, C Noel Bairey Merz, Calin Pop, Cameron Hague, Camila Thais de Ormundo, Candace Gopaul, Candice P Edillo, Car\uedsi A Polanczyk, Carita Krannila, Carla Vicente, Carl-\uc9ric Gagn\ue9, Carlo Briguori, Carlos Pe\uf1a Gil, Carlos Alvarez, Carly Ohmart, Carmen C Beladan, Carmen Ginghina, Carol M Kartje, Caroline Alsweiler, Caroline Brown, Caroline Callison, Caroline Pinheiro, Caroline Rodgers, Caroline Spindler, Carolyn Corbett, Carrie Drum, Casey Riedberger, Catherine Bone, Catherine Fleming, Catherine Gordon, Catherine Jahrsdorfer, Catherine Lemay, Catherine Weick, Cathrine Patten, Cecilia Goletto, Cezary Kepka, Chandini Suvarna, Chang Xu, Chantale Mercure, Charle A Viljoen, Charlene Wiyarand, Charles Jia-Yin Hou, Charles Y Lui, Charles Cannan, Charles Cornet, Charlotte Pirro, Chataroon Rimsukcharoenchai, Chen Wang, Cheng-Ting Tsai, Chen-Yen Chien, Cheryl A Allardyce, Chester M Hedgepeth, Chetan Patel, Chiara Attanasio, Chih-Hsuan Yen, Chi-Ming Chow, Ching Min Er, Ching-Ching Ong, Cholenahally Nanjappa Manjunath, Chris Beck, Chris Buller, Christel Vassaliere, Christian Hamm, Christiano Caldeira, Christie Ballantyne, Christina Bj\uf6rklund, Christine R Hinton, Christine Bergeron, Christine Masson, Christine Roraff, Christine Shelley, Christophe Laure, Christophe Thuaire, Christopher Kinsey, Christopher McFarren, Christopher Spizzieri, Christopher Travill, Chun-Chieh Liu, Chung-Lieh Hung, Chunguang Li, Chun-Ho Yun, Chunli Xia, Ciarra Heard, Cidney Schultz, Clare Venn-Edmonds, Claudia P Hochberg, Claudia Wegmayr, Claudia Cort\ue9s, Claudia Escobar, Cl\ue1udia Freixo, Claudio T Mesquita, Clemens T Kadalie, Colin Berry, Constance Philander, Corine Thobois, Costantino Costantini, Courtney Page, Craig Atkinson, Craig Barr, Craig Paterson, Cristina Bare, Cynthia Baumann, Cynthia Burman, Dalisa Espinosa, Damien Collison, Dan Deleanu, Dan Elian, Dan Gao, Dana Oliver, Daniel P Vezina, Daniel O'Rourke, Daniele Komar, Danielle Schade, Darrel P Francis, Dastan Malaev, David A Bull, David E Winchester, David P Faxon, David Booth, David Cohen, David DeMets, David Foo, David Schlichting, David Taggart, David Waters, David Wohns, Davis Vo, Dawid Teodorczyk, Dawn Shelstad, Dawn Turnbull, Dayuan Li, Dean Kereiakes, Deborah O'Neill, Deborah Yip, Debra K Johnson, Debra Dees, Deepak L Bhatt, Deepika Gopal, Deepti Kumar, Deirdre Mattina, Deirdre Murphy, Delano R Small, Delsa K Rose, Dengke Jiang, Denis Carl Phaneuf, Denise Braganza, Denise Fine, Derek Cyr, Desiree Tobin, Diana Cukali, Diana Parra, Diane Camara, Diane Minshall Liu, Diego Adri\ue1n Vences, Diego Franca de Cunha, Dimitrios Stournaras, Dipti Patel, Dongze Li, Donna Exley, Dorit Grahl, Dragana Stanojevic, Duarte Cacela, Dwayne S G Conway, E Pinar Bermudez, Eapen Punnoose, Edgar L Tay, Edgar Karanjah, Edoardo Verna, Eduardo Hernandez-Rangel, Edward D Nicol, Edward O McFalls, Edward T Martin, Edyta Kaczmarska, Ekaterina I Lubinskaya, Elena A Demchenko, Elena Refoyo Salicio, Eli Feen, Elih\ufa Dur\ue1n-Cort\ue9s, Elisabeth M Janzen, Elise L Hannemann, Elise van Dongen, Elissa Restelli Piloto, Eliza Kaplan, Elizabeta Srbinovska Kostovska, Elizabeth Capasso-Gulve, Elizabeth Congdon, Elizabeth Ferguson, Elizaveta V Zbyshevskaya, Ellen Magedanz, Ellie Fridell, Ellis W Lader, Elvin Kedhi, Emanuela Racca, Emilie Tachot, Emily DeRosa, Encarnaci\uf3n Alonso-\uc1lvarez, Eric Nicollet, Eric Peterson, Erick Alex\ue1nderson Rosas, Erick Donato Morales, Erin Orvis, Ermina Moga, Estelle Montpetit, Estevao Figueiredo, Eugene Passamani, Eugenia Nikolsky, Eunice Yeoh, Evgeniy I Kretov, Ewa Szczerba, Ewelina Wojtala, Expedito Eust\ue1quio Ribeiro Silva, F Marin Ortu\uf1o, Fabio R Farias, Fabio Fimiani, Fabrizio Rolfo, Fa-Chang Yu, Fadi Hage, Fadi Matar, Fahim Haider Jafary, Fang Feng, Fang Liu, Fatima Ranjbaran, Fatima Rodriguez, Fausto J Pinto, Fauzia Rashid, Federica Ramani, Fei Wang, Fernanda Igansi, Filipa Silva, Filippo Ottani, Fiona Haines, Firas Al Solaiman, Fl\ue1via Egydio, Flavio Lyra, Florian Egger, Fran Farquharson, Frances Laube, Francesc Carreras Costa, Francesca de Micco, Francesca Bianchini, Francesca Pezzetta, Francesca Pietrucci, Francesco Orso, Francesco Pisano, Francis Burt, Francisca Patuleia Figueiras, Francisco Fernandez-Aviles, Francois Pierre Mongeon, Frans Van de Werf, Franziska Guenther, Fraser N Witherow, Fred Mohr, Frederico Dall'Orto, Fumiyuki Otsuka, G De La Morena, G Karthikeyan, Gabor Dekany, Gabor Kerecsen, Gabriel Galeote, Gabriel Grossmann, Gabriel Vorobiof, Gabriela Sanchez de Souza, Gabriela Guzman, Gabriela Zeballos, Gabriele Gabrielli, Gabriele Jakl-Kotauschek, Gail A Shammas, Gail Brandt, Gang Chen, Gary E Lane, Gary J Luckasen, Gautam Sharma, Gelmina Mikolaitiene, Gennie Yee, Georg Nickenig, George E Revtyak, George J Juang, Gerald Fletcher, Gerald Leonard, Gerard Patrick Devlin, Gerard Esposito, Gergely \uc1goston, Gervasio Lamas, Geza Fontos, Ghada Mikhail, Gia Cobb, Gian Piero Perna, Gianpiero Leone, Giles Roditi, Gilles Barone-Rochette, Girish Mishra, Giuseppe Tarantini, Glenda Wong, Glenn S Hamroff, Glenn Rayos, Gong Cheng, Gonzalo Barge-Caballero, Goran Davidovi\u107, Goran Stankovic, Gordana Stevanovic, Grace Jingyan Wang, Grace M Young, Graceanne Wayser, Graciela Scaro, Graham S Hillis, Graham Wong, Grazyna Anna Szulczyk, Gregor Simonis, Gregory Kumkumian, Gretchen Ann Peichel, Grzegorz Gajos, Gudrun Steinmaurer, Guilherme G Rucatti, Guilherme Portugal, Guilhermina Cantinho Lopes, Guillem Pons Llad\uf3, Gunnar Frostfelt, Gurpreet S Wander, Gurpreet Gulati, Gustavo Pucci, Hafidz Abd Hadi, Haibo Zhang, Haitao Wang, Halina Marciniak, Han Chen, Hanan Kerr, Hani Najm, Hanna Douglas, Hannah Phillips, Hao Dai, Haojian Dong, Haqeel Jamil, Harikrishnan Sivadasanpillai, Harry Suryapranata, Hassan Reda, Hayley Pomeroy, Heather Barrentine, Heather Golden, Heather Hurlburt, Heidi Wilson, Helen C Tucker, Helene Abergel, Hemalata Siddaram, Hermine Osseni, Herwig Schuchlenz, Hesong Zeng, Hicham Skali, Hilda Solomon, Hollie Horton, Holly Hetrick, Holly Little, Holly Park, Hongjie Chi, Hossam Mahrous, Howard A Levite, Hristo Pejkov, Huajun Li, Hugo Bloise-Adames, Hugo Marques, Hui Zhong, Hui-Min Zhang, Humayrah Hashim, Hung-I Yeh, Hussien El Fishawy, Ian Webb, Iftikhar Kullo, Igor O Grazhdankin, Ihab Hamzeh, Ikraam Hassan, Ikuko Ueda, Ileana L Pina, Ilona Tamasauskiene, Ilse Bouwhuis, Imran Arif, Ina Wenzelburger, In\ueas Zimbarra Cabrita, Ines Rodrigues, Inga H Robbins, Inga Soveri, Ingela Schnittger, Iqbal Karimullah, Ira M Dauber, Iram Rehman, Irena Peovska Mitevska, Irene Marthe Lang, Irina Subbotina, Irma Kalibataite-Rutkauskiene, Irni Yusnida, Isabel Estela Carvajal, Isabella C Palazzo, Isabelle Hogan, Isabelle Roy, Ishba Syed, Ishita Tejani, Ivan A Naryshkin, Ivana Jankovic, Iwona Niedzwiecka, J David Knight, Jacek Kusmierek, Jackie M White, Jackie Chow, Jacob Udell, Jacqueline E Tamis-Holland, Jacqueline Fannon, Jacquelyn A Quin, Jacquelyn Do, Jaekyeong Heo, Jakub Maksym, James E Davies, James H O'Keefe Jr, James J Jang, James Cha, James Harrison, James Hirsch, James Stafford, James Tatoulis, Jamie Rankin, Jan Henzel, Jan Orga, Jana Tancredi, Janaina Oliveira, Jane Burton, Jane Eckstein, Jane Marucci, Janet P Knight, Janet Blount, Janet Halliday, Janetta Kourzenkova, Janitha Raj, Jan-Malte Sinning, Jaqueline Pozzibon, Jaroslaw Drozdz, Jaroslaw Karwowski, Jason D Glover, Jason Loh Kwok, Jason T Call, Jason Linefsky, Jassira Gomes, Jati Anumpa, Javier J Garcia, Javier Courtis, Jay Meisner, K Jayakumar, Jayne Scales, Jean E Denaro, Jean Michel Juliard, Jean Ho, Jeanette K Stansborough, Jean-Michel Juliard, Jeanne Russo, Jeannette J M Schoep, Jeet Thambyrajah, Jeff Leimberger, Jeffery A Breall, Jeffrey A Kohn, Jeffrey C Milliken, Jeffrey Anderson, Jeffrey Blume, Jeffrey Kanters, Jeffrey Lorin, Jeffrey Moses, Jelena J Stepanovic, Jelena Celutkiene, Jelena Djokic, Jelena Stojkovic, Jenne M Jose, Jenne Manchery, Jennifer A Mull, Jennifer H Czerniak, Jennifer L Stanford, Jennifer Gillis, Jennifer Horst, Jennifer Isaacs, Jennifer Langdon, Jennifer Thomson, Jennifer Tomfohr, Jennifer White, Jen-Yuan Kuo, Jeremy Rautureau, Jerome Fleg, Jessica Berg, Jessica Rodriguez, Jessica Waldron, Jhina Patro, Jia Li, Jiajia Mao, Jiamin Liu, Jian'an Wang, Jianhua Li, Jianxin Zhang, Jie Qi, Jihyun Lyo, Jill Marcus, Jim Blankenship, Jing Zhang, Jingjing Liu, Jing-Yao Fan, Jiun-Yi Li, Jiwan Pradhan, Jiyan Chen, J M Rivera Caravaca, Jo Evans, Joan Garcia Picart, Joan Hecht, Joanna Jaroch, Joanna Zalewska, Joanne Kelly, Joanne Taaffe, Jo\ue3o Reynaldo Abbud, Jo\ue3o V Vitola, Joaqu\uedn V Pe\uf1afiel, Jocelyne Benatar, Jody Bindeman, Joe Sabik, Joel Klitch, Johann Christopher, Johannes Aspberg, John D Friedman, John F Beltrame, John F Heitner, John Joseph Graham, John R Davies, John Doan, John Kotter, John Kurian, John Mukai, John Pownall, Jolanta Sobolewska, Jon Kobashigawa, Jonathan L Goldberg, Jonathan W Bazeley, Jonathan Byrne, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Jonathan Leipsic, Jonean Thorsen, Jorge F Trejo Gutierrez, Jorge Escobedo, Jorik Timmer, Jos\ue9 A Ortega-Ram\uedrez, Jos\ue9 Antonio Marin-Neto, Jose D Salas, Jose Enrique Castillo, Jose Francisco Saraiva, Jos\ue9 J Cuenca-Castillo, Jose L Diez, Jos\ue9 Luis Narro Villanueva, Jos\ue9 Luiz da Vieira, Jos\ue9 M Flores-Palacios, Jose Ramon Gonzalez, Jose Seijas Amigo, Jose Fragata, Josep Maria Padr\uf3, Josheph F X McGarvey Jr, Joseph Hannan, Joseph Sacco, Joseph Sweeny, Joseph Wiesel, Josephine D Abraham, Joshua P Loh, Joy Burkhardt, Joyce R White, Joyce Riestenberg-Smith, Judit Sebo, Judith L Meadows, Judith Wright, Judy Mae Foltz, Judy Hung, Judy Otis, Juergen Stumpf, Jui-Peng Tsai, Julia S Dionne, Julia de Aveiro Morata, Julie Bunke, Julie Morrow, Julio C\ue9sar Figal, Jun Fujita, Jun Jiang, Junhua Li, Junqing Yang, Juntima Euathrongchit, Jyotsna Garg, K Manjula Rani, K Preethi, Kaatje Goetschalckx, Kai Eggers, Kamalakar Surineni, Kanae Hirase, T R Kapilamoorthy, Karen Calfas, Karen Gratrix, Karen Hallett, Karen Hultberg, Karen Nugent, Karen Petrosyan, Karen Swan, Karolina Kryczka, Karolina Wojtczak-Soska, Karolina Wojtera, Karsten Lenk, Karthik Ramasamy, Katarzyna \u141uczak, Katarzyna Malinowska, Kate Pointon, Kate Robb, Katherine Martin, Kathleen Claes, Kathryn Carruthers, Kathy E Siegel, Katia Drouin, Katie Fowler-Lehman, Kavita Rawat, Kay Rowe, Keiichi Fukuda, Keith A A Fox, Ken Mahaffey, Kendra Unterbrink, Kenneth Giedd, Kerrie Van Loo, Kerry Lee, Kerstin Bonin, Kevin R Bainey, Kevin T Harley, Kevin Anstrom, Kevin Chan, Kevin Croce, Kevin Landolfo, Kevin Marzo, Keyur Patel, Khaled Abdul-Nour, Khaled Alfakih, Khaled Dajani, Khaled Ziada, Khaula Baloch, Khrystyna Kushniriuk, Kian-Keong Poh, Kim F Ireland, Kim Holland, Kimberly Ann Byrne, Kimberly E Halverson, Kimberly Elmore, Kimberly Miller-Cox, Kiran Reddy, Kirsten J Quiles, Kirsty Abercrombie, Klaus Matschke, Konrad Szymczyk, Koo Hui Chan, Kotiboinna Preethi, Kozhaya Sokhon, Krissada Meemuk, Kristian Thygesen, Kristin M Salmi, Kristin Newby, Kristina Wippler, Kristine Arges, Kristine Teoh, Krystal Etherington, Krystyna \u141oboz-Grudzie\u144, Krzysztof W Reczuch, Krzysztof Bury, Krzysztof Drzymalski, Krzysztof Kuku\u142a, Kuo-Tzu Sung, Kurt Huber, Ladda Douangvila, Lance Sullenberger, Larissa Miranda Trama, Laszlone Matics, Laura Drew, Laura Flint, Laura Keinaite, Laura Sarti, Laurel Kolakaluri, Lawrence M Phillips, Lawrence Friedman, Lawrence Phillips, Lazar Velicki, Leah Howell, Leandro C Maranan, Leanne Cox, Ledjalem Daba, Lei Zhang, Lekshmi Dharmarajan, Leo Bockeria, Leonardo Pizzol Caetano, Leonardo Bridi, Leonid L Bershtein, Leszek Sokalski, Li Hai Yan, Li Li, Lia Nijmeijer, Lidia Sousa, Lihong Xu, Lihua Zhang, Lili Zhang, Lilia Schiavi, Lilian Mazza Barbosa, Lillian L Khor, Lina Felix-Stern, Linda L Hall, Linda M Hollenweger, Linda Arcand, Linda Davidson-Ray, Linda Schwarz, Lindsey N Sikora, Lingping Chi, Lino Patricio, Liping Zhang, Lisa Chaytor, Lisa Hatch, Lisa McCloy, Lisa Wong, Liselotte Persson, Lixin Jiang, Liz Low, Ljiljana Pupic, Lo\uefc Bi\ue8re, Lorenzo Monti, Lori Christensen, Lori Pritchard, Loriane Black, Lori-Ann Desimone, Lori-Ann Larmand, Lorraine McGregor, Louise Morby, Louise Thomson, Luc Harvey, Luciana de P\ue1dua Baptista, Lucilla Garcia, Ludivine Eliahou, Ludmila Helmer, Luis F Smidt, Luis Bernanrdes, Luis Guzman, Luiz A Carvalho, Luyang Xiong, Lynette L Teo, Lynn M Neeson, Lynne Winstanley, M Barbara Srichai-Parsia, M Quintana Giner, M Sowjanya Reddy, M Vald\ue9s Ch\ue1varri, M Grazia Rossi, Maarten Simoons, Maayan Konigstein, Maciej Lesiak, Maciej Olsowka, Mafalda Selas, Magalie Corfias, Magdalena Madero Rovalo, Magdalena \u141anocha, Magdalena Miller, Magdalena Misztal-Teodorczyk, Magdalena Rantinella, Magdy Abdelhamid, Magnolia Jimenez, Mahboob Alam, Mahevamma Mylarappa, Mahfouz El Shahawy, Mahmoud Mohamed, Mahmud Al-Bustami, Majo X Joseph, Malgorzata Frach, Ma\u142gorzta Celi\u144ska-Spodar, Malte Helm, Manas Chacko, Mandy Murphy, Manitha Vinod, Manjula Rani, Manu Dhawan, Manuela Mombelli, Marcel Weber, Marcello Galvani, Marcelo Jamus Rodrigues, Marcia F Dubin, Marcia F Werner Bayer, Marcin Szkopiak, Marco Antonio Monsalve, Marco Bizzaro Santos, Marco Magnoni, Marco Marini, Marco Sicuro, Marco Zenati, Marcos Val\ue9rio Coimbra Resende, Marek Roik, Margalit Bentzvi, Margaret Gilsenan, Margaret Iraola, Margot C Quinn, Maria A Alfonso, Maria Antonieta Pereira Moraes, Mar\ueda Dolores Mart\uednez-Ru\uedz, Mar\ueda Fernanda Canales, Maria In\ueas Caetano, Maria P Corral, Maria P\ue9rez Garc\ueda, Maria Victoria Actis, Maria Aguirre, Maria Andreasson, Maria Aprile, Maria Colton, Maria Eugenia Martin, Maria Lasala, Maria Lorenzo, Maria Posada, Maria Shier, Maria Thottam, Mariana V Furtado, Mariana Yumi Okada, Marianna D A Dracoulakis, Marianne De Andrade, Mariano Rubio, Marie Essermark, Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie, Marija T Petrovic, Marija Zdravkovic, Marilyn Black, Marina Garcia, Mario J Garcia, Mariola Szulik, Marisa Orgera, Mark A de Belder, Mark Harbinson, Mark Hyun, Mark Peterson, Mark Xavier, Marlowe Mosley, Marta Capinha, Marta Marcinkiewicz-Siemion, Marta Swiderek, Martha Meyer, Martina Ceseri, Martina Tricoli, Marvin Kronenberg, Mary Williams, Mary Ann Champagne, Mary Colleen Rogge, Mary R Soltau, Mary Streif, Massimo Villella, Massoud Leesar, Matei Claudia, Mateusz Solecki, Mat\uedas Nicol\ue1s Mungo, Matthew Wall Jr, Matthew Budoff, Matthew Jezior, Matthew Luckie, Matthias Friedrich, Mauren P Haeffner, Maximilian Tscharre, Max-Paul Winter, Mayana Almeida, Mayil S Krishnam, Mayuri Patel, Meenakshi Mishra, Megan Manocchia, Meghana Kakade, Melanie J Munro, Melissa D Chaplin, Melissa LeFevre, Mervyn Andiapen, Michael A Gibson, Michael B Rubens, Michael C Turner, Michael D Shapiro, Michael W Lee, Michael Berlowitz, Michael Davidson, Michael Mack, Michael McDaniel, Michael Mumma, Michal Wlodarczyk, Michel G Khouri, Michel S Slama, Michele Rawlins, Michelle M Bonner, Michelle M Seib, Michelle Chang, Michelle Crowder, Michelle Dixon, Michelle Mayon, Michelle McEvoy, Michelle Yee, Miguel M Fernandes, Miguel Nobre Menezes, Miguel Souto Bayarri, Miguel Barrero, Mikhail T Torosoff, Milan R Dobric, Milan Dobric, Milica Nikola Dekleva, Milind Avdhoot Gadkari, Millie Gomez, Min Tun Kyaw, Miriam Brooks, Miroslav Stevo Martinovic, Mitchel B Lustre, Mohammad Tariq Vakani, Mohammad El-Hajjar, Mohammed Al-Amoodi, Mohammed Hussain, Mohammed Saleem, Mois\ue9s Blanco-Calvo, Mois\ue9s Jim\ue9nez-Santos, Mona Bhatia, Monica Rosca, Monika Laukyte, Montserrat Gracida Blanca, Montserrat Vila Perales, Mouaz H Al-Mallah, Moys\ue9s de Oliveira Filho, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Muhamed Saric, Mulei Chen, Myriam Brousseau, Myrthes Emy Takiuti, Nada Cemerlic-Adjic, Nadia Asif, Nadia Gakou, Nafisa Hussain, Nana O Katamadze, Nancy L Clapp, Nancy Aedy, Nandita Nataraj, Nanette K Wenger, Naomi Uchida, Nasrul Ismail, Natalia S Oliveira, Natalia de Carvalho Maffei, Natalie Spitzer, Natasha C Putnam, Naved Aslam, Neamat Mowafy, Neeraj Pandit, Neeraj Parakh, Nevena Garcevic, Ngaire Meadows, Nhi N Tran, Nicholas Danchin, Nicki Lakeman, Nicola Johnston, Nicolas W Shammas, Nicole Saint Vrestil, Nicole Deming, Nier Zhong, Niket Patel, Nikola N Boskovic, Nikolaos Karogiannis, Nikos Werner, Nina Johnston, Ning Zhang, Ning Zhou, Niree Hindoyan, Nirmal Kumar, Nitika Chadha, Nitish Naik, Nodira Aripova, Noloyiso Mtana, Nona A Eskelson, Noor Syamira Mokhtar, Noppon Taksaudom, Nor Asiah Basri, Nora Marchelletta, Norma Hogg, Nungshi Jungla, Nuno Ferreira, Oksana A Lubyanaya, Olga B Nikolaeva, Olga Ca\uf1avate, Olga Sobrino, Olga Walesiak, Olga Walter, Olga Zdo\u144czyk, Olivia J Lim, Olivia Anaya, Olivia Mancilla, Olivier Dubourg, Olugbenga Bello, Omar Almousalli, Omar Thompson, Oni Olurinde, Or Harel, Osama Raheem, Oscar M\ue9ndiz, 3scar Prada-Delgado, Oz Shapira, P Christian Schulze, Pachara Panpunuan, Pal Maurovich-Horvat, Pallav Garg, Paloma Moraga, Pam Singh, Pamela Julian, Pamela Ouyang, Pamela Sigel, Pamela Woodard, Panpan Zhou, Paola Emanuela Poggio, Paola Smanio, Paolo Calabro, Paramjit Jeetley, Pascal Goube, Patricia K Nguyen, Patricia Alarie, Patricia Arakelian, Patricia Arsenault, Patricia Blaise, Patricia Brito, Patricia Cowper, Patricia Endsley, Patricia Mieses, Patrick B Alexander, Patrick Donnelly, Patrick Wilmot, Patrycja Lebioda, Paul C Gordon, Paul Der Mesropian, Paul Galiwango, Paul Hauptman, Paul Kennedy, Paula Beardsley, Paula Garc\ueda-Gonz\ue1lez, Paulo Cury Rezende, Paulo Ricardo Caramori, Pavel S Kozlov, Pedro Canas Silva, Pedro Gabriel Melo Barros E Silva, Pedro P\uedccaro de Oliveira, Pedro Carvalho, Pedro Modas, Pedro Rio, Peeyush Jain, Peiyu He, Peter A McCullough, Peter H Stone, Peter M Pollak, Peter Douglass, Peter Henriksen, Peter OKane, Peter Ong, Philip Jones, Philip Rogal, Philippe G\ue9n\ue9reux, Philippe Menasche, Philippe Rheault, Phoebe Goold, Pierre Gervais, Pierre Michaud, Pilar Calvillo, Ping Chai, Piotr Jakubowski, Piotr Pruszczyk, Piotr Slomka, Piyamitr Sritara, Poay-Huan Loh, Poonam Sonawane, Pouneh Samadi, Pragnesh P Parikh, Prakash Deedwania, Pranav M Patel, Praneeth Polamuri, Pratiksha Sharma, Precilia Vasquez, Preeti Kamath, Prince Thomas, Priyadarshani Arambam, Puja K Mehta, Purvez Grant, Pushpa Naik, Qi Zhong, Qian Zhao, Qiang Zhou, Qianqian Yuan, Qin Yu, Qingxian Li, Qiulan Xie, Qiutang Zeng, R J Vindhya, R James Gerlach, Rachel King, Rada Vu\u10di\u107, Radmila Lyubarova, Radoslaw Pracon, Raewyn Fisher, Rafael Beyar, Rafael Diaz, Rafael Selgas, Raffaele Bugiardini, Raffaele Fanelli, Raisa Kavalakkat, V S Rajalekshmi, Rajat S Barua, Rajeev Menon, Rajesh Gopalan Nair, Rajesh Francis, Rajiv Narang, Rakesh Yadav, Ralph Alan Huston, T Ramakrishnan, Ramesh de Silva, Rami El Mahmoud, Ramiro Carvalho, Ramon de Jes\ufas-P\ue9rez, Ramona Stevens, Ran Leng, Ranjan Kachru, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Raquel Sanchez, Raven R Dwyer, Raven Lee, Ray Wyman, Raymond C Wong, Raymond W Little, Raymundo Ocaranza Sanchez, Rebecca J Wimmer, Rebecca Bariciano, Rebecca Otis, Rebekah R Herrmann, Reem Yunis, Reinette Hampson, Renato Abdala Karam, Renee C Hessian, Renee Kaneshiro, Reshma Ravindran, Reto Andreas Gamma, Reyna Bhandari, Reza Arsanjani, Ricardo L Lopes, Ricardo Mendes Oliveira, Ricardo Costa, Richa Bhatt, Richard F Davies, Richard H J Trimlett, Richard Goldweit, Rik Hermanides, Rine Nakanishi, Rinu R Sidh, Risha Patel, Rita Coram, Rizwan A Siddiqui, Rob S Beanlands, Robert J Hamburger, Robert K Riezebos, Robert M Donnino, Robert Bojar, Robert Chilton, Robert Guyton, Robert Henderson, Robert Kornberg, Robert Leber, Robert Mao, Robert Stenberg, Roberta P Santos, Roberto Ren\ue9 Favaloro, Roberto Amati, Rodolfo G S D Lima, Rodrigo J Cerci, Rogerio Tumelero, Rohit Tandon, Roma Tewari, Romalisa Miranda-Peats, Ron Wald, Ronald A Mastouri, Ronald G Morford, Ronald G Schwartz, Ronald P Pedalino, Rongrong Hu, Ronnell A Hansen, Ronny A Cohen, Rory Hachamovitch, Rosa Homem, Rosa Sandonato, Rosane Laimer, Rosann Gans, Roxanne Yost, Roy Mathew, Rub\ue9n Bale\uf3n-Espinosa, Ruben Ramos, Rubine Gevorgyan, Rui Ferreira, Rui Jing, Ruth P\ue9rez-Fern\ue1ndez, S K Dwivedi, S Ramakrishnan, Saadat Khan, Sabahat Bokhari, Sabu Thomas, Sadath Lubna, Sajeeda Parveen Khan, Sajeev Chakanalil Govindan, Saket Girotra, Saleem Kassam, Sallie Canada, Salvador Cruz-Flores, Samaa Mohamed, Samantha Ly, Sameh El Kaffas, Samia Massalha, Sampoornima Setty, Samuel Nwosu, Sandeep Seth, Sandeep Singh, Sander R Niehe, Sandra M Rivest, Sandra S Zier, Sandra Ahoud, Sandy Carr, Sanjay Ganapathi, Sanjay Shetty, Sanjeev Sharma, Santa Jimenez, Santhosh Satheesh, Santiago A Garcia, Sara Fernandez, Sara Karlsson, Sara Salkind, Sara Temiyasathit, Sarah Medina Rodriguez, Sarah Beaudry, Sarah Hadjih, Sarah Williams, Sarah Zahrani, Sarju Ralhan, Sasa Hinic, Sasko Kedev, Satinder Singh, Satoshi Yasuda, Satvic Cholenahally Manjunath, Sau Lee, Scott M Kaczkowski, Scott Kinlay, Sean W Hayes, Sebastian Sobczak, Senait Asier, Sergey A Sayganov, Seth I Sokol, Shaheen Pandie, Shaiful Azmi Yahaya, Shamir Mehta, Shao-Ping Nie, Sharad Chandra, Sharder Islam, Sharon Tai, Sheetal Rupesh Karwa, Sheri Ussery, Sheromani Bajaj, Sherron C Crook, Shigeyuki Nishimura, Shintaro Nakano, Shirin Heydari, Shiv Kumar Choudhary, Shivali Patel, Shobana Ganesan, Shruti Pandey, Shuyang Zhang, Shweta Hande, Siddharth Gadage, Sik-Yin V Tan, Silvia Zottis Poletti, Silvia Riera, Silvia Valbuena, Simon Walsh, Simona Maspoli, Simone Savaris, Si-Ting Feng, So Yang Cho, Solomon Yakubov, Songlin Zhu, Songtao Wang, Sonia Guerrero, Sonika Gupta, Sonja Salinger Martinovic, Sonya Brons, Sorin Brener, Sothinathan Gurunathan, Souheil Saba, Soundarya Nayak, Sowjanya Reddy, Srinivasa Potluri, Sriram Sudarshan, Srun Kuanprasert, Stacie Van Oosterhout, Stamatios Lerakis, Stanley E Cobos, Stefan C Bertog, Stefan M Simovi\u107, Stefan Weikl, Stefano Di Marco, Stefano Provasoli, Stephanie A Tirado, Stephanie C Boer, Stephanie M Lane, Stephanie Ferket, Stephanie Kelly, Stephanie Wasmiller, Stephen H McKellar, Stephen P Hoole, Stephen Fremes, Stephen Preston, Steve Leung, Steven A Fein, Steven J Lindsay, Steven P Sedlis, Steven Giovannone, Steven Michael, Steven Weitz, Stijn van Vugt, Subhash Banerjee, Sudhir Naik, Suellen Hosino, Sukie Desire, Sukit Yamwong, Suku T Thambar, Sulagna Mookherjee, Suman Singh, Sundeep Mishra, Sunil Kumar Verma, Supap Kulthawong, Supatchara Khwakhong, Surendra Naik, Suresh Babu, Surin Woragidpoonpol, Suryaprakash Narayanappa, Susan Derbyshire, Susan Gent, Susan Mathus, Susan Milbrandt, Susan Moore, Susan Regan, Susan Stinson, Susan Webber, Susana Silva, Susanna Stevens, Susanne Gruensfelder, Suthara Aramcharoen, Suvarna Kolhe, Suzana Tavares, Suzanne Arnold, Suzanne Welsh, Svetlana Apostolovic, Swapna Kunhunny, Ta-Chuan Hung, Taissa Zappernick, Tali Sharir, Talita Silva, Tamara Colai\ue1covo Soares, Tapan Umesh Pillay, Tarun K Mittal, Tatiana Trifonova, Tauane Bello Duarte, Tauqir Huk, T\ue9odora Dutoiu, Terrance Chua, Terry Weyand, Thabitha Charles, Theodoros Kofidis, Theresa McCreary, Thierry Lefevre, Thippeekaa Arumairajah, Thitipong Tepsuwan, Thomas J Mulhearn, Thomas M Meyer, Thomas P Rocco, Thomas R Downes, Thomas Crain, Thomas Haldis, Thomas Mathew, Thomas 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Warangkana Mekara, Wassim Nona, Wayne Old, Wayne Pennachi, Weerachai Nawarawong, Wei Chen, Wei Su, Weibing Xing, Wei-Ren Lan, Wenda Crawford, Wendy L Stewart, Wendy Drewes, Wenhua Lin, William B Abernethy, William D Salerno, William F Fearon, William Vergoni, William Weintraub, Winnie C Sia, Wlodzimierz J Musial, Xacobe Flores-R\uedos, Xavier Garcia-Moll Marimon, Xi Su, Xiang Ma, Xiangqiong Gu, Xiao Wang, Xiaomei Li, Xiaowei Yao, Xin Fu, Xin Su, Xin Zeng, Xinchun Yang, Xiuhong Li, Xuehua Fang, Xutong Wang, Yaming Geng, Yan Yan, Yanek P\ue9pin-Dubois, Yanfu Wang, Yang Wang, Yanmeng Tian, Yaping Huang, Yechen Han, Yesenia Zambrano, Yi-Hsuan Yang, Ying Tung Sia, Yining Yang, Yitong Ma, Yolayfi Peralta, Yongjian Wu, Yu Kunwu, Yu Zhao, Yudong Peng, Yueh-Hung Lin, Yulan Zhao, Yumei Dong, Yunhai Zhao, Yutthaphan Wannasopha, Yvonne Taul, Zakir Sahul, Zalina Kudzoeva, Zbigniew Kalarus, Zeljko Z Markovic, Zhen Huang, Zheng Ji, Zhenyu Liu, Zhou Yue, Zhulin Zhang, Zhuxi Li, Zile Singh Meharwal, Ziliang Bai, Zixiang Yu, Zohra Huda, Zoltan Davidovits
- Jeffries N.O.
- John Mancini G.B.
- Keltai M.
- Kirby R.
- Kohsaka S.
- Krishnan M.N.
- Kwong R.Y.
- Lopes R.D.
- Lopez-Sendon J.
- Maggioni A.P.
- Mark D.B.
- Maron D.J.
- Mavromatis K.
- Mavromichalis S.
- Miller T.D.
- Min J.K.
- Moorthy N.
- Newman J.D.
- O'Brien S.M.
- Peteiro J.
- Picard M.H.
- Reynolds H.R.
- Rockhold F.W.
- Rosenberg Y
- Ruzyllo W.
- Selvanayagam J.B.
- Senior R.
- Shaw L.J.
- Sidhu M.S.
- Spertus J.A.
- Stone G.W.
- Szwed H.
- White H.D.
- Williams D.O.
- Publication venue
- 'Massachusetts Medical Society'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
BACKGROUND Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, 121.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 124.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Ababneh Hazim S
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abebe Samrawit Shawel
- Abedi Aidin
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abhilash E S
- Abidi Hassan
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abolmaali Meysam
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou
- Adal Tadele Girum
- Adamu Abdu A
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Admass Biruk Adie Adie
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agampodi Suneth Buddhika
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aggarwal Manik
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agide Feleke Doyore
- Agodi Antonella
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Mehrunnisha Sharif
- Ahmed Meqdad Saleh
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akyirem Samuel
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Azzam Sayer
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alahdab Fares
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alalwan Tariq A
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Manjurul
- Alam Noore
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albakri Almaza
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Aldawsari Khalifah A
- Aldhaleei Wafa A
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alema Haileselasie Berhane
- Alemayohu Mulubirhan Assefa
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Ali Abid
- Ali Amjad
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Shahid
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Alikhani Reyhaneh
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljasir Mohammad A M
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alla François
- Allebeck Peter
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almidani Louay
- Almidani Omar
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alonso Jordi
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqalyoobi Shehabaldin
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaany Zaid
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Aluh Deborah Oyine
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Hany
- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amani Reza
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Amegbor Prince M
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson David B
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Angus Colin
- Anil Abhishek
- Anil Sneha
- Anoushiravani Amir
- Ansari Hossein
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Ansariadi Ansariadi
- Antony Catherine M
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anvari Davood
- Anvari Saeid
- Anwar Saleha
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anwer Razique
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Aqeel Muhammad
- Arab Juan Pablo
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arafat Mosab
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Areda Demelash
- Aremu Abdulfatai
- Aremu Olatunde
- Ariffin Hany
- Arkew Mesay
- Armocida Benedetta
- Arndt Michael Benjamin
- Arooj Mahwish
- Artamonov Anton A
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Asaad Malke
- Asadi-Lari Mohsen
- Asgedom Akeza Awealom
- Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad
- Asghariahmadabad Mona
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Aslani Armin
- Astell-Burt Thomas
- Athar Mohammad
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atinafu Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye
- Atlaw Habtamu Wondmagegn
- Atorkey Prince
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Atreya Alok
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Ausloos Marcel
- Avan Abolfazl
- Awedew Atalel Fentahun
- Aweke Amlaku Mulat
- Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina
- Ayatollahi Haleh
- Ayuso-Mateos Jose L
- Ayyoubzadeh Seyed Mohammad
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- Azevedo Rui M S
- Azzam Ahmed Y
- B Darshan B
- Babu Abraham Samuel
- Badar Muhammad
- Badiye Ashish D
- Baghdadi Soroush
- Bagheri Nasser
- Bagherieh Sara
- Bah Sulaiman
- Bahadorikhalili Saeed
- Bahmanziari Najmeh
- Bai Ruhai
- Baig Atif Amin
- Baker Jennifer L
- Bako Abdulaziz T
- Bakshi Ravleen Kaur
- Balakrishnan Senthilkumar
- Balasubramanian Madhan
- Baltatu Ovidiu Constantin
- Bam Kiran
- Banach Maciej
- Bandyopadhyay Soham
- Banik Palash Chandra
- Bansal Hansi
- Bansal Kannu
- Barbic Franca
- Barchitta Martina
- Bardhan Mainak
- Bardideh Erfan
- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
- Barone-Adesi Francesco
- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
- Barrero Lope H
- Barrow Amadou
- Barteit Sandra
- Barua Lingkan
- Basharat Zarrin
- Bashiri Azadeh
- Basiru Afisu
- Baskaran Pritish
- Basnyat Buddha
- Bassat Quique
- Basso João Diogo
- Basting Ann V L
- Basu Sanjay
- Batra Kavita
- Baune Bernhard T
- Bayati Mohsen
- Bayileyegn Nebiyou Simegnew
- Beaney Thomas
- Bedi Neeraj
- Beghi Massimiliano
- Behboudi Emad
- Behera Priyamadhaba
- Behnoush Amir Hossein
- Behzadifar Masoud
- Beiranvand Maryam
- Bejarano Ramirez Diana Fernanda
- Belay Sefealem Assefa
- Belete Chalie Mulu
- Bell Michelle L
- Bello Muhammad Bashir
- Bello Olorunjuwon Omolaja
- Belo Luis
- Beloukas Apostolos
- Bender Rose Grace
- Bensenor Isabela M
- Beran Azizullah
- Berezvai Zombor
- Berhie Alemshet Yirga
- Berice Betyna N
- Bernstein Robert S
- Bertolacci Gregory J
- Bettencourt Paulo J G
- Beyene Kebede A
- Bhagat Devidas S
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhala Neeraj
- Bhalla Ashish
- Bhandari Dinesh
- Bhangdia Kayleigh
- Bhardwaj Nikha
- Bhardwaj Pankaj
- Bhardwaj Prarthna V
- Bhargava Ashish
- Bhaskar Sonu
- Bhat Vivek
- Bhatti Gurjit Kaur
- Bhatti Jasvinder Singh
- Bhatti Manpreet S
- Bhatti Rajbir
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A
- Bikbov Boris
- Bishai Jessica Devin
- Bisignano Catherine
- Bisulli Francesca
- Biswas Atanu
- Biswas Bijit
- Bitaraf Saeid
- Bitew Bikes Destaw
- Bitra Veera R
- Bjørge Tone
- Boachie Micheal Kofi
- Boampong Mary Sefa
- Bobirca Anca Vasilica
- Bodolica Virginia
- Bodunrin Aadam Olalekan
- Bogale Eyob Ketema
- Bogale Kassawmar Angaw
- Bohlouli Somayeh
- Bolarinwa Obasanjo Afolabi
- Boloor Archith
- Bonakdar Hashemi Milad
- Bonny Aime
- Bora Basara Berrak
- Bora Kaustubh
- Borhany Hamed
- Borzutzky Arturo
- Bouaoud Souad
- Boustany Antoine
- Boxe Christopher
- Boyko Edward J
- Brady Oliver J
- Braithwaite Dejana
- Brant Luisa C
- Brauer Michael
- Brazinova Alexandra
- Brazo-Sayavera Javier
- Breitborde Nicholas J K
- Breitner Susanne
- Brenner Hermann
- Briko Andrey Nikolaevich
- Briko Nikolay Ivanovich
- Britton Gabrielle
- Brown Julie
- Brugha Traolach
- Bulamu Norma B
- Bulto Lemma N
- Buonsenso Danilo
- Burns Richard A
- Busse Reinhard
- Bustanji Yasser
- Butt Nadeem Shafique
- Butt Zahid A
- Bärnighausen Till Winfried
- Béjot Yannick
- Caetano dos Santos Florentino Luciano
- Calina Daniela
- Campos Luciana Aparecida
- Campos-Nonato Ismael R
- Cao Chao
- Cao Yin
- Capodici Angelo
- Carr Sinclair
- Carreras Giulia
- Carrero Juan J
- Carugno Andrea
- Carvalheiro Cristina G
- Carvalho Felix
- Carvalho Márcia
- Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio
- Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A
- Castelpietra Giulio
- Catalá-López Ferrán
- Catapano Alberico L
- Cattaruzza Maria Sofia
- Cederroth Christopher R
- Cegolon Luca
- Cembranel Francieli
- Cenderadewi Muthia
- Cercy Kelly M
- Cerin Ester
- Cevik Muge
- Chadwick Joshua
- Chahine Yaacoub
- Chakraborty Chiranjib
- Chakraborty Promit Ananyo
- Chan Jeffrey Shi Kai
- Chan Raymond N C
- Chandika Rama Mohan
- Chandrasekar Eeshwar K
- Chang Chin-Kuo
- Chang Jung-Chen
- Chanie Gashaw Sisay
- Charalampous Periklis
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chaturvedi Pankaj
- Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou Victoria
- Chaurasia Akhilanand
- Chen An-Tian
- Chen Angela W
- Chen Catherine S
- Chen Haowei
- Chen Meng Xuan
- Chen Simiao
- Cheng Ching-Yu
- Cheng Esther T W
- Cherbuin Nicolas
- Cheru Wondimye Ashenafi
- Chien Ju-Huei
- Chimed-Ochir Odgerel
- Chimoriya Ritesh
- Ching Patrick R
- Chirinos-Caceres Jesus Lorenzo
- Chitheer Abdulaal
- Cho William C S
- Chong Bryan
- Chopra Hitesh
- Choudhari Sonali Gajanan
- Chowdhury Rajiv
- Christopher Devasahayam J
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Chung Eric
- Chung Erin
- Chung Eunice
- Chung Sheng-Chia
- Chutiyami Muhammad
- Cindi Zinhle
- Cioffi Iolanda
- Claassens Mareli M
- Claro Rafael M
- Coberly Kaleb
- Cogen Rebecca M
- Columbus Alyssa
- Comfort Haley
- Conde Joao
- Cortese Samuele
- Cortesi Paolo Angelo
- Costa Vera Marisa
- Costanzo Simona
- Cousin Ewerton
- Couto Rosa A S
- Cowden Richard G
- Cramer Kenneth Michael
- Criqui Michael H
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- Cuadra-Hernández Silvia Magali
- Culbreth Garland T
- Cullen Patricia
- Cunningham Matthew
- Curado Maria paula
- Cámera Luis Alberto
- Cárdenas Rosario
- D'Oria Mario
- Dadana Sriharsha
- Dadras Omid
- Dai Siyu
- Dai Xiaochen
- Dai Zhaoli
- Dalli Lachlan L
- Damiani Giovanni
- Darega Gela Jiregna
- Das Jai K
- Das Saswati
- Das Subasish
- Dascalu Ana Maria
- Dash Nihar Ranjan
- Dashti Mohsen
- Dastiridou Anna
- Davey Gail
- Davis Weaver Nicole
- Davletov Kairat
- De Leo Diego
- de Luca Katie
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- Wei Melissa Y
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weiss Daniel J
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- Whisnant Joanna L
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wilandika Angga
- Wilkerson Caroline
- Willeit Peter
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- Wojewodzic Marcin W
- Woldegebreal Demewoz H
- Wolf Axel Walter
- Wolfe Charles D A
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- Wong Yen Jun
- Wongsin Utoomporn
- Wool Eve E
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- Wu Xinsheng
- Wu Zenghong
- Xia Juan
- Xiao Hong
- Xie Yang
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Wang-Dong
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Xu Yvonne Yiru
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Danting
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yi Siyan
- Yigezu Amanuel
- Yip Paul
- Yismaw Malede Berihun
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuh Faith H
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zar Heather J
- Zare Iman
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeinali Zahra
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Jingya
- Zhang Liqun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zitoun Osama A
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zuhlke Liesl J
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/04/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundRegular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations.MethodsThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds.FindingsThe leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles.InterpretationLong-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere
Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbas Jaffar
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi Madineh Akram
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abdurehman Ame Mehadi
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Armita
- Abegaz Tadesse M
- Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel
- Abhilash E S
- Abiodun Olugbenga Olusola
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abrigo Michael R M
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Acuna Juan Manuel
- Adair Tim
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adebayo Oladimeji M
- Adegboye Oyelola A
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Aden Bashir
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Adha Rishan
- Adibi Amin
- Adikusuma Wirawan
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afework Abel
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afraz Ali
- Afyouni Shadi
- Afzal Saira
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agodi Antonella
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmadzade Mohadese
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Ajumobi Olufemi
- Akalu Gizachew Taddesse
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akkala Sreelatha
- Akyirem Samuel
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al Homsi Ammar
- Al Qadire Mohammad
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Eyadhy Ayman
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Jumaily Adel
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Ala Moein
- Aladelusi Timothy Olukunle
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Manjurul
- Alam Zufishan
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Ali Abid
- Ali Akhtar
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Hassam
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Ali Zahid
- Alian Samakkhah Shohreh
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aligol Mohammad
- Alimi Rasoul
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almahmeed Wael
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almidani Omar
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alonso Nivaldo
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Alvi Farrukh Jawad
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Hany
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amhare Abebe Feyissa
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Aminian Dehkordi Javad
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amzat Jimoh
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Angappan Dhanalakshmi
- Anil Abhishek
- Anjum Afifa
- Antony Catherine M
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anuoluwa Iyadunni Adesola
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
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- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
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- Weiss Daniel J
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- Wen Yi Feng
- Werdecker Andrea
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- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
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- Xiao Hong
- Xu Bin
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yadav Lalit
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yesera Gesila Endashaw
- Yesodharan Renjulal
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yip Paul
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yu Chuanhua
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zahedi Mohammad
- Zahid Muhammad Nauman
- Zahir Mazyar
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zakzuk Josefina
- Zamagni Giulia
- Zaman Burhan Abdullah
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zandi Milad
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zanghì Aurora
- Zare Iman
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeng Youjie
- Zhai Chunxia
- Zhang Chen
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Hongwei
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhaofeng
- Zhang Zhenyu
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhao Yang
- Zhao Yong
- Zheng Peng
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Zhaohua
- Ziaeefar Pardis
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/03/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundEstimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period.Methods22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution.FindingsGlobal all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations.InterpretationGlobal adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic