Mecanismos para la transferencia de tecnología agropecuaria

Está suficientemente probado qua la investigación agropecuaria, como base del mejoramiento tecnológico, puede conducir al desarrollo de un país si la tecnología generada se transfiere oportuna y eficazmente a los usuarios que la necesitan y estos logran aplicarla en sus actividades

Plan de inversión en producción para pequeños agricultores.

El Proyecto de Desarrollo Rural del Oriente de Cundinamarca lleva 3 años continuos de investigación en producción de maíz, mediante el uso de la tecnología disponible en el ICA, tratando de producir un paquete de recomendaciones que se ajuste a las características eco-edafológicas de la zona. En los últimos dos años, el Proyecto ha buscado activamente la adopción de este paquete tecnológico para los pequeños agricultores a través de programas masivos de divulgación (boletines y hojas divulgativas), días de campo, reuniones con grupos veredales y asistencia técnica directa con crédito supervisado bajo el plan ICA-Caja Agraria. Estudios realizados sobre adopción del paquete tecnológico, observaciones de campo del personal técnico del proyecto y la interpretación de experiencias en otros proyectos o planes de desarrollo, sugieren que el pequeño agricultor se resiste a la aplicación de una nueva tecnología, por su alto costo inicial y por el riesgo asociado a esta inversión. Los Proyectos de Desarrollo Rural deben buscar una estrategia de acción que supere estas limitaciones y que a la vez permita al pequeño agricultor operar a un nivel de inversión cercano al óptimo económicamenteMaíz-Zea may

Diagnóstico de la comunicación rural en Colombia.

El objetivo es conocer el estado actual de la investigación realizada en el país sobre comunicación rural y las necesidades de investigación para transferencia de tecnología agropecuaria según los agentes de cambio del ICA. El trabajo se inició con la conformación de un grupo multidisciplinario integrado por funcionarios del ICA, profesionales en agronomía, medicina veterinaria, comunicación social y economía del hogar. Se recolectaron 171 investigaciones sobre comunicación rural de las cuales se eliminaron 43 debido a que no encajaban dentro de los criterios establecidos para el análisis, haciéndose sobre 128 trabajos. Con base en los resultados y discusión se presentan las siguientes conclusiones : Es poca la investigación sobre el análisis de la fuente o emisor en cuanto a sus actividades y capacidad para actuar como tal. En cuanto al mensaje no se observa una clara tendencia hacia el estudio del mismo. Existe muy poca investigación sobre formas y medios de comunicación individuales y de grupos, en contraste con los estudios sobre medios masivos. La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre medios han sido realizadas por ACPO. La investigación en comunicación se ha ocupado preferencialmente del pequeño agricultor, usuario atendido con asistencia técnica oficial. Los trabajos se han encaminado a determinar la adopción de prácticas, el planeamiento de la comunicación, el análisis interno e impacto de la comunicación. En la región Andina se concentra la mayor parte de los estudios. El ICA es la institución que ha realizado mayor número de investigaciones en comunicación rural principalmente, en las áreas cubiertas por sus Distritos de Transferencia de Tecnología, le siguen en su orden las universidades, el Programa de Estudios para Graduados UN-ICA y ACP

EPIdemiology of Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) : Study protocol for a multicentre, observational trial

More than 300 million surgical procedures are performed each year. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after major surgery and is associated with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes. However, there is a large variation in the incidence of reported AKI rates. The establishment of an accurate epidemiology of surgery-associated AKI is important for healthcare policy, quality initiatives, clinical trials, as well as for improving guidelines. The objective of the Epidemiology of Surgery-associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) trial is to prospectively evaluate the epidemiology of AKI after major surgery using the latest Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) consensus definition of AKI. EPIS-AKI is an international prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study including 10 000 patients undergoing major surgery who are subsequently admitted to the ICU or a similar high dependency unit. The primary endpoint is the incidence of AKI within 72 hours after surgery according to the KDIGO criteria. Secondary endpoints include use of renal replacement therapy (RRT), mortality during ICU and hospital stay, length of ICU and hospital stay and major adverse kidney events (combined endpoint consisting of persistent renal dysfunction, RRT and mortality) at day 90. Further, we will evaluate preoperative and intraoperative risk factors affecting the incidence of postoperative AKI. In an add-on analysis, we will assess urinary biomarkers for early detection of AKI. EPIS-AKI has been approved by the leading Ethics Committee of the Medical Council North Rhine-Westphalia, of the Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster and the corresponding Ethics Committee at each participating site. Results will be disseminated widely and published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and used to design further AKI-related trials. Trial registration number NCT04165369

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.</p

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions. © Copyright