A Comparison of Energy Profile between Castilla Leon, Spain and Aceh, Indonesia

A comparative study on energy production and consumption between Aceh, Indonesia and Castilla León, Spain has been conducted. Analysis was carried out on the statistical data such as population, GDP, energy production and energy consumption. Some interesting results were obtained. An average energy production during 2001 – 2004 in Aceh is up to 28 times of the average energy production in Castilla León; however, the average energy consumption during those four years is only 16.74% of the average energy consumption of Castilla León. Aceh's average GDP from 2001 to 2004 is 3,357.16 million Euros, stands at only 8.15% of Castilla León's average GDP about 41,175.75 million Euros.Keywords: economic growth, final energy consumption, GDP, primary energy productio

Bridging the gap between researchers and patients: The role of the Institutional Review Boards in the informed consent process

Background: The Institutional-Review-Boards (IRB) frequently give unfavorable opinions to evaluated studies due to deficiencies in informed consent forms (ICFs), which delays the ethical approval of the study and increases waste in research. Objective: To analyze the extent to which IRB in our center gives unfavorable opinions due to documents deficiencies and to evaluate types of objection. Material and methods: Retrospective observational study of decisions during the first review by the IRB in our center (2012-2015). We carried out a systematic review of minutes when decisions on approval of studies are collected. If not approval, we analyzed appealed objections. Results: 1858 clinical studies were evaluated by the IRB. 1558 required informed consent for participating (83.9%, CI95%:82.1-85.5), 987 were not approved during the first review due to deficiencies in ICFs (63.3%, CI95%:60.9-65.7). The main causes of objections for non-approval were unreadability (11.7%, CI95%:10.6-12.9), inadequate information given about access to personal data rights (9.2%, CI95%:8.1-10.2), biological samples management (7.8%, IC95%:6.9-8.8), and expected benefits (7.6%, IC95%:6.7-8.6). Conclusions: Deficiencies in ICFs are an important reason for non-approval of protocols evaluated by an IRB. There are three fundamental weaknesses on which the IRB plays a key role: 1) improving readability; 2) adapting them to regulations concerning data protection and biological materials management; 3) avoiding misleading information towards enrollment

Bridging the gap between researchers and patients: The role of the Institutional Review Boards in the informed consent process

Background: The Institutional-Review-Boards (IRB) frequently give unfavorable opinions to evaluated studies due to deficiencies in informed consent forms (ICFs), which delays the ethical approval of the study and increases waste in research. Objective: To analyze the extent to which IRB in our center gives unfavorable opinions due to documents deficiencies and to evaluate types of objection. Material and methods: Retrospective observational study of decisions during the first review by the IRB in our center (2012-2015). We carried out a systematic review of minutes when decisions on approval of studies are collected. If not approval, we analyzed appealed objections. Results: 1858 clinical studies were evaluated by the IRB. 1558 required informed consent for participating (83.9%, CI95%:82.1-85.5), 987 were not approved during the first review due to deficiencies in ICFs (63.3%, CI95%:60.9-65.7). The main causes of objections for non-approval were unreadability (11.7%, CI95%:10.6-12.9), inadequate information given about access to personal data rights (9.2%, CI95%:8.1-10.2), biological samples management (7.8%, IC95%:6.9-8.8), and expected benefits (7.6%, IC95%:6.7-8.6). Conclusions: Deficiencies in ICFs are an important reason for non-approval of protocols evaluated by an IRB. There are three fundamental weaknesses on which the IRB plays a key role: 1) improving readability; 2) adapting them to regulations concerning data protection and biological materials management; 3) avoiding misleading information towards enrollment

Enthalpy of solvation correlations for organic solutes and gases dissolved in 1-propanol and tetrahydrofuran

This article discusses the enthalpy of solvation correlations for organic solutes and gases dissolved in 1-propanol and tetrahydrofuran