322 research outputs found
Du maĂźtre dâĂ©cole Ă lâinstituteur, Jacques Gavoille
Tout corps social a une histoire et sâinscrit dans lâhistoire. Câest le projet de ce livre de Jacques Gavoille que de nous donner Ă comprendre celle, complexe, foisonnante et passionnante, de la naissance du corps des instituteurs, devenu la figure mythique de lâĂ©cole rĂ©publicaine en France. LâoriginalitĂ© de lâĂ©tude tient Ă son objet et Ă sa mĂ©thode. Lâauteur a pris le parti dâĂ©tudier de façon minutieuse et systĂ©matique les dossiers personnels des instituteurs et des institutrices dâun dĂ©part..
XANES determination of chromium oxidation states in glasses: comparison with optical absorption spectroscopy
The oxidation state of chromium in glasses melted in an air atmosphere with
and without refining agents was investigated by Cr K-edge X-ray Absorption
Near-Edge Structure (XANES) and optical absorption spectroscopy. A good
agreement in the relative proportion of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) is obtained between
both methods. We show that the chemical dependence of the absorption
coefficient of Cr(III) is less important in XANES than in optical absorption
spectroscopy. The comparison of glasses melted under different conditions
provides an indirect assessment of the molar extinction coefficient of Cr(VI)
in glasses
EXAFS study of rubidium-doped single-wall carbon nanotube bundles
International audienceThe local structure around the rubidium ions inserted in single-wall carbon nanotube bundles (Rb-doped SWCNT) is studied by Rb K-edge extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The dependence of the local order around the rubidium ions is investigated as a function of the time of doping (i.e., as a function of the stoichiometry of the sample). The first coordination shell of the rubidium ions, related to the distance between rubidium and the first nearest-neighboring carbon atoms, has a clear time doping dependence. Comparison between ab initio simulations of the EXAFS spectra and experimental data questions the interstitial site (between three tubes) as the preferential insertion site in SWCNT bundles. The results indicate that the rubidium ions are mainly located inside the tubes and around the bundles. The results are in good agreement with combined x-ray and neutron diffraction experiments performed on the same samples
Comparison of durability indicators obtained by Non Destructive Testing methods to monitor the durability of concrete structures
International audienceThis paper deals with the use of non destructive testing methods (NDT) to assess indicators of concrete durability and mechanical properties of reinforced concrete structures. On site, NDT methods based on electromagnetic or ultrasonic wave propagation (such as radar, impact echo, ultrasonic transmission deviceĂ) are used because they are more or less sensitive to water content and mechanical properties depending on the method. It has been shown, in a former project [1, 2], that the NDT results called ĂobservablesĂź are linked to mechanical and durability indicators (YoungĂs modulus, compressive strength, porosity and saturation degree). Meanwhile, the relationship between observables and indicators depends on the concrete mix design. A calibration protocol is then proposed to get this relationship for the right mix of the reinforced structure studied by using a minimal number of cores. The cores are non-destructively characterised in laboratory or used to determined reference indicators by standardised destructive methods. The aims of this paper are first to present the ND calibration protocol on cores and then to validate this proposed calibration protocol. To achieve this goal, some NDT results obtained on site and on the corresponding core are compared and durability indicators deduced from NDT calibration are compared with reference durability indicators
Identification of inhomogeneous concrete cover by non-contact ultrasonic method
International audienceConcrete cover degradation is induced by aggressive agents in ambiance, chemicals, moisture, or temperature variations. Due to this degradation concrete becomes inhomogeneous and usually a thin surface layer appears with porosity and elastic modulus different than the properties of deeper sound concrete. Therefore the on-site nondestructive evaluation of concrete cover is important to monitor the integrity of concrete structures and prevent their irreversible damage. In this paper the methodology applied by the classical technique used for ground structure recovery called Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) is used as the NDT tool to characterize the thickness and elastic modulus of concrete cover. The procedure consists in generation and reception of surface waves within the required frequency band, using the non-contact transducers which scan evaluated profiles. Then the phase velocity dispersion characteristic V(f) is extracted, and concrete cover is characterized using as the proposed velocity gradient. The dispersion characteristics are exploited by the inversion software in order to obtain the variation of shear wave velocity as a function of depth
Comparaison expérience/calcul par association de courbes
Nous nous intéressons à une méthode de comparaison entre les résultats de calculs numériques et des vérités terrains qui nous sont présentés comme des courbes planes fermées. Nous réalisons une mise en correspondance des deux formes en nous fondant sur les distances entre leurs points. De cette mise en correspondance nous déduisons une mesure de l'écart entre les deux courbes. En définissant une fonction de coût sur l'espagne produit des deux intervalles de paramétrages, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthode qui, à partir d'une initialisation convenable, fournit une bijection réalisant l'association des deux paramétrisations. Notre initialisation est obtenue en utilisant un chemin minimal (par rapport à la fonction de coût) et notre association est recherchée comme une somme de fonctions presque sûrement croissantes. Nous montrons une application de notre méthode pour la déformation de courbes
Thermal destruction of chiral order in a two-dimensional model of coupled trihedra
We introduce a minimal model describing the physics of classical
two-dimensional (2D) frustrated Heisenberg systems, where spins order in a
non-planar way at T=0. This model, consisting of coupled trihedra (or
Ising- model), encompasses Ising (chiral) degrees of freedom,
spin-wave excitations and vortices. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations
show that the T=0 chiral order disappears at finite temperature in a continuous
phase transition in the 2D Ising universality class, despite misleading
intermediate-size effects observed at the transition. The analysis of
configurations reveals that short-range spin fluctuations and vortices
proliferate near the chiral domain walls explaining the strong renormalization
of the transition temperature. Chiral domain walls can themselves carry an
unlocalized topological charge, and vortices are then preferentially
paired with charged walls. Further, we conjecture that the anomalous
size-effects suggest the proximity of the present model to a tricritical point.
A body of results is presented, that all support this claim: (i) First-order
transitions obtained by Monte Carlo simulations on several related models (ii)
Approximate mapping between the Ising- model and a dilute Ising
model (exhibiting a tricritical point) and, finally, (iii) Mean-field results
obtained for Ising-multispin Hamiltonians, derived from the high-temperature
expansion for the vector spins of the Ising- model.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, 1 tabl
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