Volatile composition of Red Mencia and Souson cultivars from Rias Baixas and Valdeorras AOC (NW Spain)

Mencía and Sousón are two red Vitis vinifera cultivars grown in two geographic areas from Galicia (NW Spain), Appellation of Origin Controlled Valdeorras and Rías Baixas. Valdeorras AOC is situated in south east Galicia, with Continental climate, slate soil, gentle temperature and rainfall and Rías Baixas AOC is located in the southwest Galicia, near of the sea, with Atlantic climate, siliceous soil, and slightly higher temperature and rainfall than the first one. The aim of this study was to carry out a first approximation to determinate the influence of terroir on volatile composition of these red cultivars grown in Galicia. Grapes of Mencía and Sousón, collected in 2009 vintage, were crushed and the musts volatiles were extracted using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). The identification and quantification was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in free and bound form. The results showed a greater effect of terroir in bound compounds (alcohols, volatile phenols, C13-norisoprenoids and volatile fatty acids) between geographic areas for the two cultivars studied. In free fraction C6-compounds and carbonyl compounds showed variability between geographic areas for the cultivars

First study on volatile composition of three Vitis vinifera cultivars from Betanzos (NW Spain) : blanco lexítimo, agudelo and serradelo

Wine aroma is formed by volatile compounds of different chemical nature and origins. Compounds arising from grape metabolism vary as a function not only of the variety but also of climatic conditions and others. Betanzos is the most northern viticole geographic area from Galicia (NW Spain). Wines produced from Vitis vinifera cv. Blanco lexítimo, Agudelo and Serradelo from Betanzos (NW Spain), harvest in 2006 and 2007, were submitted to gas chromatography (GC/FID). A total of 35 varietal and fermentative aroma compounds were identified and quantified which include terpenes and C13-norisoprenoids, alcohols, acids, esters, phenol volatiles and C6 compounds. The results for quantification of the aroma compounds in the three varieties from Betanzos shows that the mean concentration between years was 25039.42ug/L for Blanco lexítimo 21913.2ug/L for Agudelo and 19804.6μg/L for Serradelo variety. Alcohols, acids and esters were the most important volatile compounds in the varieties from Betanzos.El aroma del vino está formado por compuestos volátiles de diferente naturaleza y origen. Estos compuestos varian no solo con la variedad de uva sino también con las condiciones climáticas y otros factores. Betanzos es la zona vitícola situada más al norte de Galicia (Noroeste de España). Los vinos producidos con tres variedades de Betanzos, Blanco lexítimo, Agudelo y Serradelo cultivadas en las cosechas 2006 y 2007, fueron analizados mediante GC/FID. En los vinos fueron identificados y cuantificados un total de 35 compuestos varietales y fermentativos, en cuales se incluyen C13-norisoprenoides, alcoholes, acidos, esters, fenoles volatiles y otros. Los resultados de la cuantificación de los compuestos del aroma en los vinos de las tres variedades de Betanzos muestra que la concentración mediaentre los años estudiados fue de 25039.42ug/L para Blanco lexítimo 21913.2ug/L para Agudelo y 19804.6μg/L para Serradelo. Alcoholes, acidos and esteres fueron los compuestos más importantes en los tres vinos elaborados con las variedades de Betanzos, siendo el más aromático el elaborado con la variedad Blanco lexítimo, caracterizado por aromas frutales.Xunta de Galicia (Spain) and Adega Lorenzo Bescansa S.U.L

Obesidad, diagnóstico etiológico

I. CONCEPTO Y DEFINICION La obesidad es un problema frecuente en pediatría, con una prevalencia superior al 5 % en la mayoria de series españolas y extranjeras. En muchas ocasiones no constituye de por sí el motivo de consulta al pediatra, detectándose en visitas de control o en consultas por otra patología...

Characterization and differentiation of seven vinhos verdes grape varieties on the basis of monoterpenic and C13-norisoprenoid compounds

The aromatic profiles of the 7 recommended cultivars for Vinho Verde wine production have been established with respect to monoterpenic and C13-norisoprenoids compounds, present either in free or in glycosidically bound fractions. Eighteen monoterpenic compounds have been identified and quantified in the free form and 22 in the glycosidically bound form. Fifteen C13-norisoprenoids compounds have been identified and quantified in the glycosidically bound form. Loureiro variety can be easily differentiating from the 6 other varieties by important levels of linalool in the free fraction, above the odour perception threshold; in contrast, Alvarinho, Avesso, Arinto, Azal and Trajadura, geraniol prevails. Batoca variety showed a very poor monoterpenic profile in the free form. In the glycosidically bound form Alvarinho is the richest in total concentration of monoterpenic compounds, followed by Loureiro.Les profils aromatiques des 7 cépages recommandés pour la production de Vinho Verde ont été établis en ce qui concerne les C13-norisoprenoïdes et les composés monoterpéniques, trouvés dans les deux fractions de l´arôme, livre et glycosillée. Dix-huit monoterpènes ont été identifiés et quantifiées, dans la fraction libre, et d’autres 22 attachés à des glycosides. Quinze C13-norisoprenoïdes ont été identifiés et quantifiés dans la fraction glycosillée. Le cépage Loureiro peut facilement être différencié des autres 6 variétés par les niveaux importants de linalol dans la fraction libre, au-dessus du seuil de perception olfactive; par contre, le geraniol prédomine pour Alvarinho, Avesso, Arinto, Azal et Trajadura. Le cépage Batoca a montré un très pauvre profil monoterpénique dans la fraction libre. Pour la fraction glycosillée, le cépage Alvarinho est le plus riche, en ce qui concerne la concentration totale en composés monoterpéniques ; le Loureiro est le deuxième cépage plus riche.Estação Vitivinícola Amândio GalhanoDivisão de Vitivinicultura e Fruticultura da Direcção Regional de Agricultura de Entre Douro e Minh

Fermented beverages : process technology and management, volatile compounds, instrumental methods of analysis

The authors have been developed their main efforts studying fermented beverages, being wine the most important product [1]. Recently, other fermented products, obtained from various fruits, namely tropical fruits, and even from cheese whey have been studied [2]. The main goal is to study the technological parameters which may influence the quality of the final products, in order to manage the process, accurately. As aroma is one of the most important attributes of fermented beverages, the development of analytical methodologies to identify and quantify key volatile compounds, was also an objective. Volatile compounds related to different origins (varietal, fermentative, post-fermentative) and belonging to various chemical families (terpenes, norisoprenoids, alcohols, esters, volatile fatty acids, volatile phenols, …) were studied in final products as well as in raw-materials, namely grapes. Correlation between chemical and sensory analyses has been also considered. Methodologies used to extract volatile compounds from beverages include liquid-liquid micro-extraction, solid-phase extraction and solid-phase micro-extraction. Gas chromatography with flame ionisation, pulsed photometric and mass detectors was used. The main results may be summarized as followed: characterization and discrimination of grape varieties based on varietal volatile composition, from Vinhos Verdes region and from Galicia (Spain); influence of viticultural and some technological parameters and storage conditions on the volatile composition of grapes and wines; correlation between sensory (aroma) and chemical analysis (volatile compounds); implementation of simple and accurate analytical methodologies to quantify volatile compounds of fermented beverages; characterisation, respecting volatile compounds, of diverse beverages, namely obtained from tropical fruits and from cheese whey

Determination of odorants in varietal wines from international grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera) grown in NW Spain

This work was carried out to investigate the odorants found in ten varietal wines from different international grape cultivars (Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Tempranillo, Sauvignon blanc, Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Pinot blanc and Gewürztraminer) grown in northwest Spain. Monoterpenes, alcohols, fatty acids, ethyl esters, acetates and volatile phenols were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that Gewürztraminer white wines had the highest concentration of volatile compounds (35.7 mg/L). Monoterpenes, linalool, terpineol, citronellol and nerol were detected only in Riesling and Gewürztraminer white wines. In the red wines, Cabernet Sauvignon followed by Merlot wines showed the highest concentration of total volatile composition (55.60 mg/L and 50.90 mg/L respectively), characterised by a higher concentration of alcohols. Based on the individual odour threshold, white Gewürztraminer and red Pinot noir wines showed the highest total OAV value. ANOVA has shown significant differences among wines. Principal component analysis performed a grouping of the monovarietal wines – Sauvignon blanc-Pinot blanc-Riesling and Pinot gris gris-Gewürztraminer in the white wines, and Cabernet Sauvignon-Tempranillo in the red wines

Influence of elevation and slope exposure on must volatiles of mencía cultivar from Ribeira Sacra (NW Spain)

Ribeira Sacra is a Spanish Denomination of Origen (D.O.) that produces young red wines from Mencía cultivar (Galicia, NW). The orography of the Ribeira Sacra D.O. is very characteristic and renders a wide variety of situations that combine elevation, orientation, slope exposure and slope inclination. Indeed, in this area all have terraced vineyards are very close to just one meter wide, where it is only a single row of vines and spread over the slopes which normally have a large inclination (70 to 80 ° slope). With a south-southwest direction, the vineyards are protected from cold winds from the north and the sun bathes the terraces throughout the day. The stone warmed by the sun during the day blunted the lower night temperatures avoiding frost. During the year 2009 we have studied the volatile composition of Mencía cultivar in six different situations (orientation and altitude) of Amandi subzone (Ribeira Sacra D.O.) and the relationship with the altitude and exposition. The results showed the influence climatic and topographic conditions on the volatile composition of Mencía grape grown along Amandi site from Ribeira Sacra D.O. Six different situations were studied and the data were analysed by analysis of variance and mean differences between situations were calculated using the LSD Fishers’ test. Biplot principal component analysis (PCA) was performed with mean of volatile compounds identified and quantified. The results showed significant differences among the different situations studied, showed different ripening states in the vineyard

Correlation between instrumental and sensory analysis for the characterization of Vitis vinifera wines

In this work, sensory analysis of was used to evaluate the wine aroma character with different aroma attributes according to Norm ISO 11035.1 In parallel wine volatiles were identified and quantified by gas chromatography according the methodology proposed by Oliveira et al. (2006).2 The objective of this work was to study the correlation between instrumental analysis and sensory perception of wine constituents. Thirty-five Albariño white young wines from 2006 vintage were evaluated by GC-FID and sensory analysis by trained and native panel composed by 10 wine tasters from Appellation of Origin Rias Baixas (Galicia, Spain). Forty volatile compounds were identified and quantified by Gas Chromatography and forty-seven aroma descriptors were developed using quantitative descriptive analysis and evaluated with line scaling method. Principal component analysis showed the distribution of the wines in basis to chemical and sensory characteristics. The correlation coefficients of the flavour scores between sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis (R2 > 0.50) were found for methanollacticvanilla, guaiacolhoney, 3-methyl-1-propanolgreen-pepper, 1-butanolliquorice, ethyl lactategreenpepper liquorice. These correlations linking chemical compounds and sensory descriptors may be attributed to possible relations between them, to the presence of other produced compounds which were not analysed or, to some associations among the analysed compounds

Easy and accurate methodology to quantify volatile compounds in fermented beverages

Volatile compounds of fermented beverages may derive from raw matter, but the majority are formed during fermentative processes. In the some specific cases, e. g. wines, they may also arise during conservation and ageing. These volatiles belong to a diversity of chemical families, including alcohols, esters, fatty acids, volatile phenols, terpenes and norisoprenoids. Levels of individual compounds may range from few ng/L to hundreds of mg/L. Although major volatiles may be analysed directly by gas chromatography, most of them needs a previous step of concentration. Concentration was traditionally achieved by solvent extraction, liquid-liquid mixture, soxhlet and SPE, followed by evaporation; more recently solvent-free extractive techniques SPME and SBSE, became usual due to their detection limits and selectivity. However, these techniques have some drawbacks: environmental aspects when using large quantities of solvents, price, needs of specialized equipment and workmanship. Furthermore, chromatographic detectors may be selective, e. g. pulse flame photometric detector (PFPD) for sulphurous compounds or nitrogenous compounds, or somewhat universal as mass spectrometer (MS). However, although MS permits the quantification of a wide range of volatiles, the equipment is very expensive and cost-maintenance. Another detector largely used by research centres and institutions linked to beverages sector, the flame ionisation detector, acquire attractiveness due to its good response to the methyl groups of organic compounds and its appellative price. These constraints makes difficult to achieve a universal methodology to analyse, in a single and quick approach, all the constituents of a fermented beverage like wine, beer or other products obtained by the fermentation of fruit juices. Moreover, when analysts of research centres and tutelary institutions need to compare samples, to quantify some few key volatile compounds or even to confirm its authenticity, they aspire for an easy and accurate methodology, which additionally uses inexpensive equipment. This work refers to the implementation of a quick methodology to quantify volatile compounds of fermented beverages, carried out by liquid-liquid micro-extraction followed by chromatographic analysis. The optimized methodology, reached to maximize the number of extractions per day, only uses 8 mL of sample and 400 L of dichloromethane. Each battery of extracts, ready for chromatographic analysis by GC-FID, may be obtained after 30 min, and only uses ordinary labware. Although the proposed methodology may permit the identification and quantification of a large number of compounds, it was implemented for 40, belonging to the following families: alcohols, esters, terpenes, volatile fatty acids, volatile phenols and norisoprenoids. Validation was performed in terms of linearity, limits of detection and quantification, repeatability, reproducibility and recovery