Scientific ideas of Olga B. Sirotinina and Saratov linguistic school of researching real communication units. On the occasion of the centenary of birth of the scientist and teacher

The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the outstanding Russian linguist, professor of Saratov State University Olga B. Sirotinina (born in 1923). The article presents and analyzes a number of scientific ideas of the scholar: the necessity to work out new approaches to syntactic units; the interaction of primary (factual) and secondary (organizational) levels of communication; attention of the author to the addressee as a leading principle of linguistic ecology; semantic diffusion as a dynamic process in the Russian discourse. In the late 20th century Olga B. Sirotinina in her research of the colloquial speech determined new approaches to communicative units: alongside the syntax of predicative units she developed the syntax of non-predicative ones. Her works prove that while studying real discourse a special focus should be put on the role of functional words as the effectiveness of communication is directly determined by the interaction of factual and organizational communication units. The author’s concern about the addressee is one of the main principles of linguistic ecology. It is the author who is primarily responsible for the success of communication, so they are supposed to make a number of reasonable efforts to facilitate for the addressee the perception of their message. The process of semantic diffusion is often connected nowadays with the violation of linguo-ecological principles. This problem is one of the main concerns of Olga B. Sirotinina: de to weakened and broadened meaning some words start to mean almost anything, are used widely and turn into fashionable words. Excessive use of diffused lexis leads to the language system impoverishment as well as to numerous social and professional risks. The ideas of Olga B. Sirotinina under discussion have organized the research of real communication units and determined the directions of the development of Saratov linguistic school in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The article focuses on the tendencies in the development of these ideas by Saratov linguists

SOCIOCULTURAL AND SOCIOPSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AS PREDICTORS OF IMPRESSING

The experience of theoretical construction of complex predictors of impressing is presented. Age determinants of situations of emotional vulnerability and socio-cultural parameters of the environment are considered as prognostically informative characteristics of impressing. Examples of integration of sociopsychological and sociocultural factors of impression into a single complex predictor are given

THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF CONDITIONALITY OF IMPRESSING BY SOCIOCULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF ITS OCCURRENCE

The article is devoted to as one of the mechanisms of socialization. Impressing is considered as the informational impact of the sociocultural environment on an individual during the critical period of ontogenesis, the result of which is a strong impression, activating the creative abilities of the individual and directing it to a certain type of activity. The empirical study revealed the problems of the conditionality of such an impression by sociocultural characteristics of the environment in which the individual was developed in adolescence. Particular attention is paid to the educational and family environment as the main sources of occurrence of impressings

THE ROLE OF SUPPLEMENTARY COMMUNICATIVE UNITS IN BOOSTING AND HEDGING OF SPOKEN DISCOURSE

В статье на материале устной научной речи русского и английского языков исследуется функционирование коммуникативных единиц со значением категоричности/некатегоричности, выполняющих в речи вспомогательную дискурсивную функцию.Целью исследования является выявление зависимости количественных и качественных параметров употребления единиц, повышающих и понижающих категоричность, от языка и монологического/диалогического вида речи. При анализе использованы методысплошной выборки, дискурсивного анализа, сравнительный и количественный.Результаты. Установлено, что в устной речи сигналы повышения/понижения категоричности используются чаще, чем в письменной. Самая высокая частота употребления этих единиц отмечена в спонтанной диалогической речи, самая низкая – в монологической речи. Доказана зависимость частоты использования дискурсивов категоричности и некатегоричности от языка: в русских материалах преобладают средства со значением категоричности, в английских – некатегоричности. Полученные результаты подтверждают мнение об английской речи как о довольно мягкой, неимпозитивной, некатегоричной по сравнению с русской. Лексические средства реализации категории категоричности/некатегоричности универсальны для монологического и диалогического видов дискурса и для двух языков.Применение результатов. Знания и навыки, связанные с правильным, уместным, адекватным ситуации употреблением единиц, повышающих и понижающих категоричность, составляют важную часть коммуникативной компетенции, которой следует обучать при изучении не только иностранного языка, но и родного.The article studies supplementary communicative units functioning as discourse markers with the boosting and hedging meanings. The research is based on Russian and English spoken academic discourse.The purpose of the research is to reveal the language and monologue/dialogue dependence of quantitative and qualitative parameters in usage of boosters and hedges.Methods of continuous sampling, discourse analysis, comparative and quantitative analysis were applied.Results. The article proves that boosting and hedging signals are more frequent in spoken than in the written language. The highest frequency of occurrence of these units is registered in spontaneous dialogue, the lowest – in monologue. The frequency of occurrence of boosters and hedges also depend on the language: in Russian data it is boosters that prevail, in English – hedges. The obtained results confirm the opinion about English discourse as of softened, mitigated and non-imperative in comparison with Russian discourse. The lexical means that realize the boosting/hedging category are universal in monologue and dialogue, as well as in Russian and English data.Practical implications. The knowledge and the skills of correct, situationally adequate and appropriate usage of boosters and hedges make up an important part of communicative competence which should be taught not only to foreign language learners but to native speakers as well

SUPPLEMENARY COMMUNICATIVE UNITS IN NEWSPAPER ARTICLES OF DIFFERENT GENRES

В статье исследуется роль коммуникативных единиц, выполняющих в речи вспомогательную дискурсивную функцию, в аналитических статьях и статьях-колонках современных русских и англоязычных газет. Прослеживается зависимость количественной и качественной представленности вспомогательных единиц разного типа от типа газетной статьи и от языка. Доказано, что употребление вспомогательных единиц в статьях-колонках в русском и английском языках имеют больше общего, чем в аналитических статьях. Самая высокая частота употребления этих единиц отмечена в русских аналитических статьях, самая низкая – в английских статьях. В русском языке аналитические статьи и колонки имеют больше сходных характеристик, чем в английском языке. Вспомогательные единицы с организаторской функцией наиболее частотны в русских статьях, в английских статьях и колонках они одинаково редки. Регулятивные единицы используются одинаково часто во всех изученных газетных текстах. Делается вывод о большей универсальности регулятивных средств в газетных материалах двух языков и о языковой зависимости в употреблении единиц-организаторов. Представленный анализ функционирования вспомогательных коммуникативных единиц может стать одним из способов инвентаризации языковых единиц, определяющих воздействие на адресата в медиадискурсе. Данные единицы оказывают продуктивное воздействие на читателя, помогают ему адекватно понимать написанное, активизируют его внимание и мыслительную деятельность.The article studies the role of supplementary communicative units functioning as discourse markers in analytical articles and opinion columns of modern Russian and English newspapers. The dependence of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of different supplementary communicative units on the type of the article and on the language is discussed. The article proves that the use of supplementary units in opinion columns in Russian and in English has more common features than in analytical articles. The highest frequency of occurrence of these units is registered in Russian analytical articles, the lowest – in English articles. In Russian newspapers analytical articles and columns demonstrate more similar characteristics than in English materials. Supplementary communicative units with organizing functions occur more frequently in Russian articles, in English articles and columns they are equally rare. Regulative supplementary units are used equally often in all analyzed newspaper texts. There is a conclusion that regulative supplementary units tend to be more universal in their use in the two languages, while organizing units show greater dependence on the language. The presented analysis of the supplementary communicative units’ use can become one of the ways to take an inventory of persuasive language means in media discourse. These units produce a productive influence on the readers, help them interpret the text adequately; enhance their attention and mental activity

Activity of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Integration Policy of France by the Example of the Occitanie Region

The article is devoted to the problem of the integration of migrants in the region Occitanie in France and to the activities of regional non-governmental organizations dealing with this problem. The special focus is on the role of public and charitable organizations in the French integration policy because they directly contact immigrants, including illegal ones, actively participate in the implementation of many state programs, as well as conduct their own activities. The migration situation in France and in Occitanie is examined and measures. The programs for the integration and adaptation of immigrants, undertaken by non-state organizations of the Occitania region, are analyzed in the article

Methodological approach to the creation of functional foods enriched with encapsulated micronutrients

The problem of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in the diets of the population of all age groups is relevant not only for Russia, but also for many countries. An effective solution to this problem is the regular inclusion in the diet of functional foods enriched with bioactive micronutrients. An urgent task in the enrichment of food products with deficient micronutrients is the preservation of their bioactive properties and bioavailability. An effective solution to the problem of maintaining the bioavailability of micronutrients is to use encapsulated micronutrients for food enrichment. We have developed the methodological approach to the creation of functional foods enriched with encapsulated micronutrients, and also formulated the basic requirements for each stage. The implementation of the developed methodological approach will make it possible to create functional food products that ensure the normalization of the nutritional status of the population of different age groups

Współpraca uniwersytecko-biznesowa w Sankt Petersburgu

The article is dedicated to current trends in University-Business Cooperation (UBC) in Russia on the example of Saint Petersburg. UBC plays an important role in the success of all the stakeholders of the process: higher education institutions (HEIs), students, employers and the government. The ongoing interaction between HEIs and employers helps achieve a high quality and relevance of education as well as to diminish the gap between the competences the employers expect and the knowledge of graduates and to develop the national economy. The benefits for stakeholders are presented in the paper. Saint Petersburg has 72 HEIs and is called one of the 100 best cities for students globally. Some universities in Saint Petersburg hold high positions in Russian and world rankings. All universities are interested in cooperating with employers. The models of UBC in Saint Petersburg are analyzed and examples of each type are given in the paper. One of the most important indicators of the efficiency of UBC is the employment of graduates. The current state of UBC in the city is assessed by analyzing the employment rates of graduates.Artykuł poświęcony jest aktualnym trendom we współpracy uniwersytecko-biznesowej (UBC) w Rosji na przykładzie Sankt Petersburga. UBC odgrywa ważną rolę dla sukcesu wszystkich interesariuszy procesu: uczelni wyższych, studentów, pracodawców i rządu. Bieżące kontakty między uczelniami a pracodawcami pomagają osiągnąć wysoką jakość w edukacji, a także zmniejszyć lukę w oczekiwaniach dotyczących jakości kompetencji i wiedzy absolwentów. Korzyści dla interesariuszy przedstawiono w artykule. W Sankt Petersburgu znajdują się 72 uczelnie i jest to jedno ze 100 najlepszych dla studentów miast na świecie. Niektóre uniwersytety w Sankt Petersburgu mają wysokie pozycje w rankingach rosyjskich i światowych. Wszystkie uniwersytety są zainteresowane rozwojem współpracy z pracodawcami. Przeanalizowano modele UBC w Sankt Petersburgu i podano przykłady każdego z nich. Jednym z najważniejszych wskaźników skuteczności UBC jest zatrudnianie absolwentów. Obecny stan UBC w mieście ocenia się, analizując wskaźniki zatrudnienia absolwentów

Research of the chemical composition peculiarities of food additives – vegetable lecithins for the development of methods for assessing their quality

Lecithins are widely used in the food industry as food additives. In this regard, the requirements for the lecithins quality are quite high, and the development of the rapid determination methods of their quality indicators, including the acid value, is an urgent task. The article presents research of the peculiarities of vegetable lecithins chemical composition for the development of a method for determining their acid value using the pulsed nuclear magnetic relaxation (NMR) method. It was found that the studied lecithins differ significantly in the content of individual phospholipid groups exhibiting acidic properties. As a result of the research of the fatty acid composition of the lecithins acetone-soluble fractions, it was found that the highest total content of monounsaturated fatty acids is a characteristic of sunflower oleic type lecithins (81.3 %) and rapeseed lecithins (66.3 %), and polyunsaturated fatty acids – sunflower linoleic type lecithins (63.6 %) and soybean lecithins (67.7 %). Researches of the NMR characteristics of lecithins with the introduction of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) have been carried out. It was found that the redistribution of component composition in the “lecithin-CCl4” system occurs at different ratios for each type of lecithin, which is due to their chemical composition peculiarities