Tracing glacier wastage in the Northern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan/Central Asia) over the last 40years

The status and dynamics of glaciers are crucial for agriculture in semiarid parts of Central Asia, since river flow is characterized by major runoff in spring and summer, supplied by glacier- and snowmelt. Ideally, this coincides with the critical period of water demand for irrigation. The present study shows a clear trend in glacier retreat between 1963 and 2000 in the Sokoluk watershed, a catchment of the Northern Tien Shan mountain range in Kyrgyzstan. The overall area loss of 28% observed for the period 1963-2000, and a clear acceleration of wastage since the 1980s, correlate with the results of previous studies in other regions of the Tien Shan as well as the Alps. In particular, glaciers smaller than 0.5km2 have exhibited this phenomenon most starkly. While they registered a medium decrease of only 9.1% for 1963-1986, they lost 41.5% of their surface area between 1986 and 2000. Furthermore, a general increase in the minimum glacier elevation of 78m has been observed over the last three decades. This corresponds to about one-third of the entire retreat of the minimum glacier elevation in the Northern Tien Shan since the Little Ice Age maximu

Вплив віброзахисних амортизаторів на динамічний стан бурильної колони

The object of research is the drill string bottom structure using the correcting devices of drilling modes to control the dynamics of the drill string. The work is aimed at the study of longitudinal, torsional and transverse oscillations when adjusting the axial load on the bit by using a drilling shock absorber with a two-link characteristic. A dynamic model of the drill string during the drilling process is presented, which is a concentrated-continuous nonlinear system that interacts with the ball bit and the downhole engine as a source of energy. It is shown that elastic oscillations of all types affect the interaction of the bit with the outcrop rock. In order to evaluate drilling performance, it is necessary to take into account not only longitudinal, torsional and transverse oscillations, but also parametric oscillations, which are associated with the deformation of the weighted drill pipe under axial loads and during its rotation in the process of deepening the hole. It was found that transverse vibrations of weighted drill pipes, as a flexible element, during the drilling process are, as a rule, parametric in nature. They lead to the appearance of additional stresses in the elements of the column and, as a result, to the acceleration of their destruction and accelerated wear of the bit arms and rolling bearings. It is proved that in the future, for the development of dynamic models, it is necessary to take into account their hydrodynamics and the type, design and parameters of the applied punching elements. The obtained research results can be applied in practice in the process of designing the structure of the drill string bottom structure (DSBS) using correcting devices of drilling modes to control the dynamics of the drill string, by using a drilling shock absorber with a two-link characteristic in order to correct the axial load on the bit.Об'єктом дослідження є компоновки низу бурильної колони з використанням коректуючих пристроїв режимів буріння для управління динамікою бурильної колони. Робота направлена на дослідження подовжніх, крутних та поперечних коливань при коректуванні осьового навантаження на долото шляхом застосування бурового амортизатора з дволанковою характеристикою. Наведено динамічну модель бурильної колони в процесі буріння, яка являє собою зосереджено-континуальну нелінійну систему, котра взаємодіє з шарошковим долотом і вибійним двигуном, як джерелом енергії. Показано, що пружні коливання всіх типів, впливають на взаємодію долота з породою вибою. Для оцінки показників буріння необхідно враховувати, не тільки подовжні, крутні, поперечні коливання, але враховувати і параметричні коливання, які пов’язані з деформацією обважнених бурильних труб при осьових навантаженнях і при його обертанні в процесі заглиблення вибою. Виявлено, що поперечні коливання обважнених бурильних труб, як гнучкого елементу, в процесі буріння носять, як правило, параметричний характер. Вони призводять до появи додаткових напружень в елементах колони і, як результат, до прискорення їх руйнування та прискореного зносу озброєння долота та опор кочення. Доведено, що у подальшому, для розробки динамічних моделей, необхідно враховувати їх гідродинаміку та тип, конструкцію та параметри застосованих вибійних елементів. Отримані результати досліджень на практиці можуть бути застосовані в процесі проєктування конструкції низу бурильної колони (КНБК) з використанням коректуючих пристроїв режимів буріння для управління динамікою бурильної колони, шляхом застосування бурового амортизатора з дволанковою характеристикою з метою коректування осьового навантаження на долото

Аnalysis of underflowing of residential areas and protection from urban groundwater

The article discusses the main provisions for the protection of urban buildings from groundwater and the main causes of flooding of residential areas. Also known and proposed by us ways of solving the problem are analyzed. In recent years, intensive construction has been going on in areas that were previously considered unsuitable for construction: wetlands, floodplains of rivers and streams, ravines, etc. without deep study of changes in the hydrological regime of the adjacent territory. Activities are offered in flooded areas: elimination of the causes of flooding - channel lining; sealing of water pipes and collectors, installation of storm sewers; sealing of buried structures: basement walls, foundations; drainage - lowering groundwater to a safe depth. With our participation, a drainage system has been developed, with drainage water diversion to the floodplain of the Oka River

Tracing glacier wastage in the Northern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan/Central Asia) over the last 40 years

The status and dynamics of glaciers are crucial for agriculture in semiarid parts of Central Asia, since river flow is characterized by major runoff in spring and summer, supplied by glacier- and snowmelt. Ideally, this coincides with the critical period of water demand for irrigation. The present study shows a clear trend in glacier retreat between 1963 and 2000 in the Sokoluk watershed, a catchment of the Northern Tien Shan mountain range in Kyrgyzstan. The overall area loss of 28% observed for the period 1963–2000, and a clear acceleration of wastage since the 1980s, correlate with the results of previous studies in other regions of the Tien Shan as well as the Alps. In particular, glaciers smaller than 0.5 km2 have exhibited this phenomenon most starkly. While they registered a medium decrease of only 9.1% for 1963–1986, they lost 41.5% of their surface area between 1986 and 2000. Furthermore, a general increase in the minimum glacier elevation of 78 m has been observed over the last three decades. This corresponds to about one-third of the entire retreat of the minimum glacier elevation in the Northern Tien Shan since the Little Ice Age maximum