Cultivo do cogumelo Flammulina velutipes com uso de diferentes resíduos agrícolas como substrato de frutificação

The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of different agro‑residues as a carbon source in the fruiting substrates of Flammulina velutipes mushroom and the effect of supplementation with the nitrogen sources spent brewer’s yeast and rice bran. The following fruiting substrates were evaluated: rubber wood sawdust (SD), paddy straw (PS), palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), and palm‑pressed fiber (PPF). Cultivation was done on each agro‑residue, based on formulations consisting of two substrates at the ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3. Mycelial growth rate and basidiocarp yield were evaluated. The best fruiting substrates were PS+EFB (25:75), PS+PPF (50:50), and PPF (100), with biological efficiency of 185.09±36.98, 150.89±50.35, and 129.06±14.51%, respectively. No significant effects of supplementation with rice bran and spent yeast were observed on mycelial growth rate and biological efficiency. The cultivation of F. velutipes on oil palm wastes does not require additional nitrogen sources.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso de diferentes resíduos agrícolas como fonte de carbono nos substratos de frutificação do cogumelo Flammulina velutipes e o efeito da suplementação com as fontes de nitrogênio levedura de cerveja fermentada e farelo de arroz. Foram avaliados os seguintes substratos de frutificação: serragem de seringueira (SS), palha de arroz (PA), cachos de frutos vazios da palma (CFV) e fibra prensada da palma (FP). O cultivo foi realizado em cada um dos resíduos, baseado em formulações que consistiram de dois substratos, nas proporções de 3:1, 1:1 e 1:3. Foram avaliadas a taxa de crescimento micelial e a produção de basidiocarpo. Os melhores substratos de frutificação foram PA+CFV (25:75), PA+FP (50:50) e FP (100), com eficiência biológica de 185,09±36,98, 150,89±50,35 e 129,06±14,51%, respectivamente. Não foram observados efeitos significativos da suplementação com farelo de arroz e levedura fermentada na taxa do crescimento micelial e na eficiência biológica. O cultivo de F. velutipes sobre resíduos de óleo de palma não necessita de fontes de nitrogênio adicionais

Neurite outgrowth stimulatory effects of culinary-medicinal mushrooms and their toxicity assessment using differentiating Neuro-2a and embryonic fibroblast BALB/3T3

BACKGROUND: Mushrooms are not only regarded as gourmet cuisine but also as therapeutic agent to promote cognition health. However, little toxicological information is available regarding their safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen selected ethno-pharmacologically important mushrooms for stimulatory effects on neurite outgrowth and to test for any cytotoxicity. METHODS: The stimulatory effect of mushrooms on neurite outgrowth was assessed in differentiating mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells. Neurite length was measured using Image-Pro Insight processor system. Neuritogenesis activity was further validated by fluorescence immunocytochemical staining of neurofilaments. In vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using mouse embryonic fibroblast (BALB/3T3) and N2a cells for any embryo- and neuro-toxic effects; respectively. RESULTS: Aqueous extracts of Ganoderma lucidum, Lignosus rhinocerotis, Pleurotus giganteus and Grifola frondosa; as well as an ethanol extract of Cordyceps militaris significantly (p < 0.05) promoted the neurite outgrowth in N2a cells by 38.4 ± 4.2%, 38.1 ± 2.6%, 33.4 ± 4.6%, 33.7 ± 1.5%, and 35.8 ± 3.4%; respectively. The IC(50) values obtained from tetrazolium (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays showed no toxic effects following 24 h exposure of N2a and 3T3 cells to mushroom extracts. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that G. lucidum, L. rhinocerotis, P. giganteus, G. frondosa and C. militaris may be developed as safe and healthy dietary supplements for brain and cognitive health

Biohydrogen production from biomass and industrial wastes by dark fermentation

Hydrogen is a clean energy carrier which has a great potential to be an alternative fuel. Abundant biomass from various industries could be a source for biohydrogen production where combination of waste treatment and energy production would be an advantage. This article summarizes the dark fermentative biohydrogen production from biomass. Types of potential biomass that could be the source for biohydrogen generation such as food and starch-based wastes, cellulosic materials, dairy wastes, palm oil mill effluent and glycerol are discussed in this article. Moreover, the microorganisms, factors affecting biohydrogen production such as undissociated acid, hydrogen partial pressure and metal ions are also discussed

Antimicrobial activities of split gill mushroom Schizophyllum commune Fr

Abstract Schizophyllum commune or commonly known as split gill mushroom is a widely distributed wooddecaying basidiomycete that has been reported for its health promoting and medical benefits. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of S. commune extracts using well diffusion method. The microorganisms tested were common pathogenic bacteria

Utjecaj tehnike uzgoja i prerade na antimikrobna i antioksidativna svojstva ekstrakta gljive Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr.) Pers.

Hericium erinaceus, a temperate mushroom, is currently cultivated in Malaysia. As cultivation and processing conditions may affect the medicinal properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of locally grown H. erinaceus have been investigated. The fruitbodies that were fresh, oven-dried or freeze-dried were extracted with methanol. Their properties were compared to those exhibited by mycelium extract of the same mushroom. Various extracts of H. erinaceus inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria but not of the tested fungus. Mycelium extract contained the highest total phenolic content and the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The fresh fruitbody extract showed the most potent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. However, oven-dried fruitbody extract was excellent in reducing the extent of β-carotene bleaching. The total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity in the oven-dried fruitbody extract was high compared to the freeze-dried or fresh fruitbody extract. This may be due to generation and accumulation of Maillard’s reaction products (MRPs), which are known to have antioxidant properties. Thus, the consumption of H. erinaceus fruitbody grown in tropical conditions may have health promoting benefits. Furthermore, the production of H. erinaceus mycelium in submerged cultures may result in standardized antioxidant formulation for either human nutrition or therapy. Hence, it has been shown that the processing of fruitbody and not the cultivation conditions affects the selected bioactive properties of H. erinaceus.Hericium erinaceus je gljiva koja raste u umjerenom podneblju, a uzgaja se i u Maleziji. Budući da uvjeti uzgoja i prerade mogu utjecati na medicinska svojstva, ispitana su antimikrobna i antioksidacijska svojstva lokalno uzgojene gljive H. erinaceus. Svježa, sušena i zamrznuta plodna tijela gljive ekstrahirana su metanolom, a njihova su svojstva uspoređena s ekstraktom micelija. Razni ekstrakti H. erinaceus inhibirali su rast patogenih bakterija, ali ne i ispitanih kvasaca i plijesni. Ekstrakt micelija imao je najveći udio ukupnih fenola i najveći antioksidacijski kapacitet (FRAP-vrijednost), dok je ekstrakt svježeg plodnog tijela pokazao najbolju sposobnost uklanjanja DPPH radikala. U usporedbi s ekstraktima zamrznutih i svježih plodnih tijela, ekstrakt sušenog plodnog tijela imao je najbolju antioksidacijsku aktivnost (određenu metodom izbjeljivanja β-karotena), te najveći udio ukupnih fenola i ukupnu antioksidacijsku aktivnost, vjerojatno zbog nakupljanja produkata Maillardove reakcije (koji imaju antioksidacijska svojstva) tijekom sušenja. Zaključeno je da uporaba plodnog tijela gljive H. erinaceus, uzgojene u uvjetima tropske klime, može povoljno utjecati na zdravlje. Osim toga, submerznim se uzgojem micelija H. erinaceus može proizvesti standardiziran antioksidativni pripravak za prehranu ili liječenje. Time je dokazano da način prerade, a ne uzgoj, utječe na odabrana bioaktivna svojstva plodnog tijela gljive H. erinaceus

Identification and in vitro evaluation of lipids from sclerotia of lignosus rhinocerotis for antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory activities

Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (Tiger milk mushroom) is traditionally used to treat inflammation triggered symptoms and illnesses such as cough, fever and asthma. The present study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of the extract and fractions of sclerotia powder of L. rhinocerotis on brain microglial (BV2) cells. The ethyl acetate fraction had a total phenolic content of 0.30 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g. This fraction had ferric reducing capacity of 61.8 ± 1.8 mg FSE/g, ABTS+ scavenging activity of 36.8 ± 1.8 mg TE/g and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 21.8% ± 0.7. At doses ranging from 0.1 μg/mL - 100 μg/mL, the extract and fractions were not cytotoxic to BV2 cells. At 100 μg/mL, the crude hydroethanolic extract and the ethyl acetate fraction elicited the highest nitric oxide reduction activities of 68.7% and 58.2%, respectively. Linoleic and oleic acids were the major lipid constituents in the ethyl acetate fraction based on FID and GC-MS analysis. Linoleic acid reduced nitric oxide production and down regulated the expression of neuroinflammatory iNOS and COX2 genes in BV2 cells

Development of a PCR assay for the detection of nifH and nifD genes in indigenous photosynthetic bacteria.

Molybdenum (Mo) nitrogenases consist of two components: dinitrogenase reductase (encoded by nifH) and the dinitrogenase or MoFe protein (encoded by nifDK). Nitrogenase enzyme of photosynthetic bacteria is responsible for hydrogen production. Therefore, primers were designed for the nitrogenase gene only. In this study, two primers (ND and NH) were designed after comparative genomic analysis of nifH and nifD gene sequences from public databases. The designed primers were used for the amplification of nifH and nifD genes to detect nitrogenase genes in photosynthetic bacteria. Initial detection was done using a monoplex Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs) followed by optimization of the PCR protocols. Subsequently, a duplex PCR was designed for amplification and detection of nifH and nifD genes in indigenous photosynthetic bacteria. Evaluation of the duplex PCR on six samples isolated from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) showed that only four isolates contained both the nifH and nifD genes, indicating that these isolates were potential hydrogen-producing bacteria. PCR detection provides a rapid and efficient pre-identification of potential photosynthetic bacterial hydrogen producers

Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) mycelium enhanced antioxidant status in rat model

Aim: Lentinus squarrosulus is an edible wild mushroom commonly found in Asia. This species has several interesting features such as rapid mycelial growth, and hence has the potential to be used as food, functional food, and nutraceuticals. Our previous study shows that L. squarrosulus contains potent antioxidant compounds in vitro. This study aims to investigate the in vivo bioavailability of L. squarrosulus mycelium extract and its antioxidant effect on biomarkers of antioxidant defense and oxidative stress. Methods: Water extract of mycelial biomass of L. squarrosulus was analyzed for in vivo antioxidant effects, including cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), xanthine oxidase (XO), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and lipid hydroperoxides (LHPs) at 0 and 28 days. GPx and XO were also analyzed in liver homogenates. Normal Sprague Dawley rats were treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg of extract for 28 days. Results: The serum CUPRAC level increased after treatment with both concentrations, indicating that there was sufficient bioavailability of the extract which contributed to the total antioxidant capacity. GPx activity in both serum and liver was increased and this correlated with LHP level after treatment with 250 mg/kg of extract, but XO activity was significantly decreased after treatment with 500 mg/kg of the extract. Lack of difference between AOPP levels implied that there were no significant changes in oxidative damage of protein after treatment. Conclusion: This study clearly showed that L. squarrosulus mycelium antioxidant extract contains absorbable antioxidants that enter the circulating plasma and cause a significant acute increase in plasma antioxidant capacity. Thus, the water extract of L. squarrosulus mycelium, which can be obtained abundantly by liquid fermentation, may serve as an antioxidant ingredient in functional foods and nutraceuticals

Production of reducing sugars by Trichoderma sp. KUPM0001 during solid substrate fermentation of sago starch processing waste hampas

Trichoderma sp. KUPM0001 showed good growth during solid substrate fermentation (SSF)of sagopith residue known as hampas, supplemented with 10% (v/w) of mineral salts solution containing 0.5% (w/v) (83.3mM)urea as nitrogen source and an initial moisture content of 80% (v/w). Mycelium suspension of 10% (v/w) density was used as initial inoculum and SSF was carried out at 25±2°C in static condition over a period of 120h. The parameters optimized include the initial moisture content of the substrate, mineral salts solution, urea concentration, inoculum density, incubation temperature and incubation time. Without optimized condition, the maximum reducing sugar obtained was 24mg mL¯¹ compared to 46 mg mL¯¹ substrate during optimized SSF after 96h incubation. The optimum parameters obtained were 80% (v/w) of initial moisture; 10% (v/w) of inoculums size; 1.0% of urea in 20% (w/v) of mineral solution and incubated at 30±2°C. The enzyme activities using optimized condition gave maximum α-amylase, glucoamylase, carboxymethyl cellulase, filter paperase and β-glucosidase of 3.19, 2.22, 1.66, 1.11 and 1.48 U mL¯¹, respectively