An investigation of monthly variation of different physicochemical parameters of dairy industry effluent

ABSTRACT           Industrialization no doubt enhances the productivity, but also results in release of toxic substances into the environment, creating health hazards. Dairy industry ranks as one of the most polluted industries in India. For cleaning and washing procedures, dairy industry plants generate large volumes of waste water, which is 2.5 times milk volume processed. Dairy effluent contains high load of organic matter. This study was aimed at assessing the monthly variation of different physicochemical parameters of effluent like pH, Temperature, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Chlorides, Sulfates, Oil & Grease, Proteins, Lipids etc. The pH was recorded for values between 7.3 to 8.2 whereas overall mean value was 7.7±0.37 (S.D.) in all month’s data collected which is ambient for the microbial population to grow. Maximum temperature was reported in May (33°C) while lowest value was reported in December (24°C). Mean value of turbidity was recorded as 762±207 NTU. Maximum EC value was reported in January (650 µS/cm) while minimum value was reported in May (354 µS/cm). BOD values reported were between 268 to 950 mg/lit. Maximum BOD values were reported in August and October while minimum was reported in the month of July. Mean value was recorded at 597±208 mg/lit. COD mean value was recorded at 2184±417 mg/lit. Maximum COD values were observed during August and September while minimum during February to April. TDS was noted down to be between 960 to 1362 mg/lit. TS mean value was around 1412 ± 108 mg/lit. TSS was found to be between 245 to 365 mg/lit during the year 2013-14. Maximum TSS value was reported in November and September while minimum in March. Maximum chloride value was reported in March (562 mg/lit) while minimum in September (256 mg/lit). Mean value of sulfate was 247 ± 98 mg/lit. Mean value for oil and grease was recorded as 163 ± 44 mg/lit. Maximum protein value was reported in November (260 mg/lit) while minimum in the months of May and September (154 mg/lit). Mean value of lipid was recorded to be 600±63 mg/lit indicating obvious variation during batches. The present study has been aimed at procuring dairy industry effluents & characterizing them for different parameters in order to check the fluctuation in organic loads

Synthesis and characterization of novel 2, 2'-bipyrimidine fluorescent derivative for protein binding

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Fluorescent dyes with biocompatible functional group and good fluorescence behavior are used as biosensor for monitoring different biological processes as well as detection of protein assay. All reported fluorophore used as sensors are having high selectivity and sensitivity but till there is more demand to synthesized new fluorophore which have improved fluorescence properties and good biocompatibility.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Novel 4, 4'-(1, 1'-(5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-[2, 2'-bipyrimidine]-4, 6-diyl)bis(1<it>H</it>-pyrazol-3, 1-diyl)) dianiline fluorescent dye was synthesized by multistep synthesis from 2-phenylacetonitrile, 2-chloropyrimidine and 2-methoxyphenol. This dye has absorption at 379 nm with intense single emission at 497 nm having fairly good quantum yield (0.375) and Stokes shift. The intermediates and dye were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and Mass spectral analysis. The pyrazole bipyrimidine based fluorescent dye possessing two amino groups suitable for binding with protein is reported. Its utility as a biocompatible conjugate was explained by conjugation with bovine serum albumin. The method is based on direct fluorescence detection of fluorophore-labelled protein before and after conjugation. Purified fluorescent conjugate was subsequently analyzed by fluorimetry. The analysis showed that the tested conjugation reaction yielded fluorescent conjugates of the dye through carbodiimide chemistry.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In summery synthesized fluorophore pyrazole-bipyrimidine has very good interaction towards protein bovine serum albumin and it acts as good candidate for protein assay.</p

Self-assembled polymer nanocomposites and their networks

This dissertation describes new routes to synthesize polymer nanocomposite networks via self-assembly. Polymerizable structure directing agents (referred to as surfmers) obtained by end-group functionalization preserves the structure-directing capabilities of the surfactant for templating ordered mesoporous silica particle growth, while simultaneously generating a reactive matrix for polymer network formation through reactive end groups in the presence of intimately mixed mesoporous silicates. A combination of small angle X-ray scattering, surface area, and microscopy experiments on mesoporous silica indicated the structure directing capabilities of surfmers. Free-radical polymerization of the surfmer leads to novel crosslinked nanocomposites networks. Multiple experiments, including gel permeation chromatography, swelling, and solid state NMR experiments on polymer nanocomposites gave evidence of the polymerization of surfmer leading to formation of crosslink networks. Polymer nanocomposites with varied silica content were prepared. Effects of silica content on polymer nanocomposites were studied on rheometer. Results obtained from rheological experiments indicate that the storage (G') and loss modulus (G") increases with increase in the content of mesoporous silica. In this way, the nanocomposites networks obtained via self-assembly shows independent behavior with respect to frequency in rheological experiments. Additionally, this self-assembled route was extended to synthesize biodegradable and biocompatible polymer nanocomposites networks. The nanocomposite networks obtained with 15% of silica content showed the increase in storage modulus by two orders of magnitude in rheological experiments

Web Portal for ?Sagari Niwara Beach Resort?

This We are trying to make something innovative and attractive for lodging and restaurant related Web Portal for "SagariNiwara Beach Resort?.The website will focus on communication between customer and owner and also provide some functionalities require to manage the inventory and other services like jet-ski, parasailing without doing paperwork.The services that we are going to provide are advance room booking and reservation of table by the customer through the payment gateway. Main objective to build this website is to fulfill the requirement of owner and provide services to the customer. In our website online reservation will become easier and systematic to replace traditional system where they are still using papers. The owner can perform functions like menu updating, maintaining bill records, updating gallery, calculating profit/loss and lodging maintenance. These functionalities helps the owner to save his time as well as to manage the work effectively

Stability of Vanadium Chalcone Complexes

The vanadyl(IV) complexes of substituted chalcones were prepared by refluxing vanadyl sulphate with different substituted chalcones in ethanoic medium. The chalcones were prepared with different aromatic aldehydes like benzaldehyde, hydroxy benzaldehyde, nitro benzaldehyde and chloro benzaldehyde. The synthesized Vanadium complexes were characterized by different spectral techniques. The IR spectral studies revealed that the chalcone derivatives are bidentate ligand. Magnetic studies, electron spin resonance and UV studies suggest that the complexes are in square pyramidal geometry. Conductance measurements suggest that all complexes are non-electrolyte in DMF. The thermal study explained the stability of complex and its decomposition. The synthesized ligand and metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains and for antifungal activity against P. notatum

Bilateral ovarian cystic lymphangioma with chylous ascitis in pregnancy - a rare case report with review

Bilateral lymphangioma of the ovary being an extremely rare lesion, with chylous ascites and full term pregnancy, this is the first ever case in the world to be reported. Chylous ascites with pregnancy only 5 cases have been reported earlier. And above all, only 20 cases of ovarian lymphangioma are reported in the literature so far. Lymphangioma is usually asymptomatic and unilateral, presenting as an incidental finding during routine gynaecologic procedures. It is made up of aggregates of lymphatic spaces in ovarian stroma and the endothelial cells lining these spaces. The main differential diagnosis is an adenomatoid tumour which can be differentiated from the lymphangioma by immunohistochemical studies. We report this rare lesion in a case of 28 years old primigravida with 37 weeks of gestation with pregnancy induced hypertension with acute distension of abdomen with respiratory distress

THE PHARMACEUTICAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF PALASH KSHARA

Background: Kshara is an important dosage form mentioned in Ayurveda which is derived from plant ash. The Kshara have some similar properties like alkaline nature, water solubility, whitish color etc. Kshara are given advantage over all surgical and parasurgical measures as it can be used in thin, weak and patients who fears for surgery. Different herbs like Apamarga, Snuhi, Kadalipalasha are used to prepare Kshara either single or collectively in classical texts. Therapeutic use of Kshara of different herbs differs from each other hence analytical study of each Kshara is necessary. Aims &amp; Objectives: In the present study preparation of Palash (Butea monosperma) kshara and analytical study is done to understand the characteristics of Palashkshara. Material &amp; methods: The preparation of Kshara is a multistep procedure. In the present study preparation of Palasha Kshara is done according general method of preparation of Kshara mentioned in Sharangadhara Sanhita. Prepared Kshara is subjected to various Physico chemical analyses and results are concluded. Results: The Palash Kshara shows physical properties like whitish in color, pungent odor and soft in touch. Chemically it shows combination of Potassium, Phosphate and Sulphate along with other elements in traces. The present study gives the details of methodology and results of the pharmaceutical and analytical study of Palash Kshara

PROVACATIVE POSITION WHILE NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY STUDY FOR DIAGNOSIS OF CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

Research findings indicate that carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) was a prevailing form of compressive neuropathy, resulting from the compression of the median nerve as it traverses the wrist within the CT. It constitutes 90% of all cases of entrapment neuropathies. In the majority of instances, both parties involved are impacted. The process of formulating a diagnosis is a cumulative one, relying on the evaluation of signs, symptoms, and specific physical tests. Confirmation of a suspected diagnosis may be achieved through the use of electrodiagnostic tests (EDT), specifically the Nerve Conduction Velocity Test(NCVT).Therefore, the objective of our study was to assess the relevance of the Provocative Position (PP) in conjunction with the NCVT for the diagnosis of CTS. We have conducted NCVT on a sample of 25 patients in our study. Additionally, the data was divided by the impulse latency in order to calculate the conduction velocity. Therefore, these steps were also replicated in the PP, and the resulting findings were subsequently compared. In our study, it was observed that bilateral tests exhibited the highest number of patients, with 10 individuals accounting for 40% of the sample. Additionally, 8 patients (32%) displayed left-side test results, while 7 patients (28%) exhibited right-side test results. The findings of this research indicate that there is a notable advantage in utilizing EDT investigations to promptly confirm suspected cases of CTS. This enables early intervention and alleviation of symptoms

Etendue-Matched Solar Tower Beam-Down System for High-Temperature Industrial Processes

The standard Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST) mono-tower technology, which uses one receiver placed on top of a tower to which all heliostats in the heliostat field aim to, is regarded as one of the best and most promising technologies for various CST-driven applications, namely CST power plants, solar metallurgical processes, thermochemical production of solar fuels and waste materials recycling. However, the technology has some technical challenges concerning optical performance/tolerances, system dimensions, operation and maintenance issues, etc. An alternative to this standard CST mono-tower technology is the so-called beam-down technology, where a special mirror is placed on the top of the tower, instead of a receiver, to redirect the incident radiation from the heliostat field onto a receiver/reactor placed closer to the ground and potentially delivering higher concentrations at the receiver than the standard CST mono-tower technology. This paper presents a new approach to improve the optics of beam-down systems, applies it to the optical design of a specific system, and shows the optical behavior of this design at two locations: Évora (Portugal) and Hurghada (Egypt). The approach uses etendue-matching between all the optical stages to minimize the optical losses between them. To analyze the optical behavior of the system designed, as an example, using the etendue-matching approach, raytracing simulations were carried out and are presented also in the paper.Projecto H2020 INSHIP - Grant No. 731287

Remaining useful life (RUL) prediction of bearing by using regression model and principal component analysis (PCA) technique

A wind turbine works under variable load and environmental conditions because of which failure rate has been on the rise. Failure of a gearbox, an integral part of producing wind energy, contributes to 80 % of the total downtime for the wind turbine. For ensuring better utilization of the wind turbines, Fault prognosis and condition monitoring of bearings are of utmost importance as it helps to reduce the downtime by early detection of faults which further increases the power output. In this paper, vibration signals produced and machine learning approach to determine the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) for a degraded bearing is studied. The methodology includes statistical feature extraction analysis with regression models. Further the feature selection is done using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique which produces training and testing sets which acts as an input parameter for regression models such as Support Vector Regressor (SVR) and Random Forest (RF). Weibull Hazard Rate Function is used for calculating the RUL of the bearing. Results This study shows the potential application of regression model as an effective tool for degradation performance prediction of bearing