Review on Rasa Samsarjana Krama and its application in disease

Panchakarma procedures comprise of Poorva Karma, Pradhana Karma and Paschat Karma. In Paschat Karma, Samsarjana Krama is done in order maintain the Dosha Avastha that is Shesha Dosha Pachana and to restore the Agni Bala. The sequential order of administration of Pathya Ahara is followed in Peyadi Samsarjana Krama, Tarpanadi Krama, Rasa Samsarjana  Krama as per classics. Rasa Samsarjana Krama can be practiced along with Peyadi Samsarjana Krama according to some authours. Ahara used in this context refers to Pathya Ahara which can be used according to Matra, Kala, Kriya, Bhoomi, Deha and Dosha Guna. This paper focuses on the practical utilization of different Pathya Ahara Kalpva and Dhanyas in Rasa Samsarjana Krama in specific disease condition

Role of cytokine in malignant T-cell metabolism and subsequent alternation in T-cell tumor microenvironment

T cells are an important component of adaptive immunity and T-cell-derived lymphomas are very complex due to many functional sub-types and functional elasticity of T-cells. As with other tumors, tissues specific factors are crucial in the development of T-cell lymphomas. In addition to neoplastic cells, T- cell lymphomas consist of a tumor micro-environment composed of normal cells and stroma. Numerous studies established the qualitative and quantitative differences between the tumor microenvironment and normal cell surroundings. Interaction between the various component of the tumor microenvironment is crucial since tumor cells can change the microenvironment and vice versa. In normal T-cell development, T-cells must respond to various stimulants deferentially and during these courses of adaptation. T-cells undergo various metabolic alterations. From the stage of quiescence to attention of fully active form T-cells undergoes various stage in terms of metabolic activity. Predominantly quiescent T-cells have ATP-generating metabolism while during the proliferative stage, their metabolism tilted towards the growth-promoting pathways. In addition to this, a functionally different subset of T-cells requires to activate the different metabolic pathways, and consequently, this regulation of the metabolic pathway control activation and function of T-cells. So, it is obvious that dynamic, and well-regulated metabolic pathways are important for the normal functioning of T-cells and their interaction with the microenvironment. There are various cell signaling mechanisms of metabolism are involved in this regulation and more and more studies have suggested the involvement of additional signaling in the development of the overall metabolic phenotype of T cells. These important signaling mediators include cytokines and hormones. The impact and role of these mediators especially the cytokines on the interplay between T-cell metabolism and the interaction of T-cells with their micro-environments in the context of T-cells lymphomas are discussed in this review article

Tinkering with targeting nucleotide signaling for control of intracellular Leishmania parasites

Nucleotides are one of the most primitive extracellular signalling molecules across all phyla and regulate a multitude of responses. The biological effects of extracellular nucleotides/sides are mediated via the specific purinergic receptors present on the cell surface. In mammalian system, adenine nucleotides are the predominant nucleotides found in the extracellular milieu and mediate a constellation of physiological functions. In the context of host-pathogen interaction, extracellular ATP is recognized as a danger signal and potentiates the release of pro-inflammatory mediators from activated immune cells, on the other hand, its breakdown product adenosine exerts potential anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Therefore, it is increasingly apparent that the interplay between extracellular ATP/adenosine ratios has a significant role in coordinating the regulation of the immune system in health and diseases. Several pathogens express ectonucleotidases on their surface and exploit the purinergic signalling as one of the mechanisms to modulate the host immune response. Leishmania pathogens are one of the most successful intracellular pathogens which survive within host macrophages and manipulate protective Th1 response into disease promoting Th2 response. In this review, we discuss the regulation of extracellular ATP and adenosine levels, the role of ATP/adenosine counter signalling in regulating the inflammation and immune responses during infection and how Leishmania parasites exploit the purinergic signalling to manipulate host response. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities in targeting purinergic signalling and the future prospects

Protective versus Pathogenic Type I Interferon Responses during Virus Infections

Following virus infections, type I interferons are synthesized to induce the expression of antiviral molecules and interfere with virus replication. The importance of early antiviral type I IFN response against virus invasion has been emphasized during COVID-19 as well as in studies on the microbiome. Further, type I IFNs can directly act on various immune cells to enhance protective host immune responses to viral infections. However, accumulating data indicate that IFN responses can be harmful to the host by instigating inflammatory responses or inducing T cell suppression during virus infections. Also, inhibition of lymphocyte and dendritic cell development can be caused by type I IFN, which is independent of the traditional signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 signaling. Additionally, IFNs were shown to impair airway epithelial cell proliferation, which may affect late-stage lung tissue recovery from the infection. As such, type I IFN–virus interaction research is diverse, including host antiviral innate immune mechanisms in cells, viral strategies of IFN evasion, protective immunity, excessive inflammation, immune suppression, and regulation of tissue repair. In this report, these IFN activities are summarized with an emphasis placed on the functions of type I IFNs recently observed during acute or chronic virus infections

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Patterns Regarding Eye Donation, Eye Banking and Corneal Transplant in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Corneal diseases constitute a significant cause of visual impairment and blindness in the developing world. Corneal transplantation remains a major treatment option for restoring sight among those suffering from corneal blindness. The number of corneal transplants done is far less than the actual requirement in India. This is largely due to the inadequate numbers of corneas collected. Factors affecting procurement of corneas and public attitude towards eye donation has recently received much attention in our country. Tertiary care hospitals with ICUs and trauma centers have high morbidity rates and cornea procurement rates can be higher with readily available patient investigation, previous treatment and other data to consider suitability of cornea for transplantation. Aims and Objectives: To assess awareness regarding eye donation, eye banking and corneal transplant among patient attendants in ICU, Casualty and Eye Out Patient Department in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Materials and Methods: The prospective analysis from August 2014 to May 2015 of 1100 proforma of relatives found in waiting areas of ICU, casualty and eye out Patient Department were asked to fill a pretested questionnaire containing questions on demographic details, awareness regarding eye donation, intention to donate eyes, reasons for donating or pledging and not, and sources of information. The data collected was studied and analyzed. Results: Of the 1100 participants, 570 were males and 530 females. 1052 people (95.6%) knew about eye donation, 406 (36.9%) people knew that eye to be collected within 6-8 hours of death, 829 subjects (75.36%) knew that one eye donation benefits two blind people. The contact place for donation was known to only 413 subjects (37.55%).483 subjects (43.9%) agreed to donate eye of their relative in case of demise. Newspaper was most common source of information for 1005 participants (91.4%), followed by television (76.4%), doctors (68.6%), Pamphlets (59.2%), Friends (57.8%), Radio (52.7%), posters (51.3%), nursing and other staff (47.8%) and others (25.5%). Of those 888 willing to donate 95.2% (845 subjects) would be doing as a noble deed, 745 (83.9%) for pleasure to help blind, 690 (77.7%) were motivated by the idea of giving vision to someone after their death. Of 212 unwilling, 178 participants (83.9%) disliked the idea of body being tampered with and 124 participants (58.5%) had objection by family members. Conclusion: The reasons for not donating need to be considered while creating awareness about eye donation in the community. Knowledge, attitude and practice in the context of eye donation may not complement each other and need to be addressed to bring about a change in patterns observed

A Cross-Sectional Study: Pattern of Injuries in Non Fatal Road Traffic Accident Cases

Background: A cross-sectional study of pattern of injuries in road traffic accidents was conducted over a period of one year involving 179 victims. Material and methods: Males (143) were more commonly involved than females (36) and majority of the victims (56) were in the age group of 21-30 years. Results: Rural victims(151) outnumbered the urban (28). One third of the victims were illiterates.  36 accidents took place in an interval of 2-4PM. Two wheeler occupants (71) were commonly involved than other vehicles and collision between two wheelers and between two wheeler and four wheeler was most common mode of accident. Conclusion: The head and neck region showed more number of fractures and other injuries compared to other body parts and in the limbs right side limbs show more injuries than left side limbs

Regional Scenario of Global Suicide .......... IJMTFM (2011) 1(1): 6-11

Suicide is a serious public health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognizing the growing problem of suicide worldwide, urged member nations to address the phenomenon. As suicides continue to be a major burden , study of suicide is conducted over a period of 2-years that is from 1st January 2003 to 31st December 2004. The psychological autopsy conducted, which have been reported in mortuary, here show clear evidence that most of poisonings were by Poisoning & Hanging. And most of victims were suffering from Physical and Psychiatric illness. Majority were illiterates and agriculturists. The special emphasis was made on time of committing suicide, which shows that 68.90% were day time only

A retrospective study long term complications and outcome of Ano rectal malformation following LAARP (Laparoscopic Assisted Ano Rectal Pull through) procedure

Background: The laparoscopic procedure has many added advantages of being less time consuming, early discharge from the hospital, less tissue damage, and better visualization of the pelvic structures. Objective: to study the complications and outcomes in ARM patients following LAARP. Methods: This study was conducted on 55 ARM patients in the Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences RIMS/ RGSSH (OPEC) Raichur Karnataka. The study period is from Dec 2016 to Dec 2020. Results: All the  fifty five patients who are operated for anorectal malformation, they underwent first surgery (high sigmoid loop colostomy) within the second and third day of neonatal period, and second surgery  the LAARP  within the six weeks to three months of the first surgery, a Demographics, type of ARM, and age at pull-through. All LAARP surgery was done by single surgeon, there were no anaesthetic complications. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the emerging laparoscopic technique for management of anorectal malformations. Using this approach it is possible to achieve better continence rates as the extent of perineal dissection is minimal, hence inflicting minimal neural and sphincter injury

Elevated Serum ADA Activity as a Marker for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Indian Patients - Fig 3

<p>Serum ADA activity of active VL (n = 39), PKDL (n = 34) and healthy subjects (n = 30) and post treatment stages of VL (n = 30) and PKDL (n = 29) (<b>A</b>). Serum ADA activity of PKDL, at the point of diagnosis (n = 30), on day 20 (n = 25), on day 70 (n = 22), on day 120. (n = 19) and after complete treatment (n = 29) (<b>B</b>).</p

Intracellular ADA activity: mononuclear cells and granulocytes were isolated from whole blood.

<p>Intracellular ADA activity of mononuclear cells (A) and granulocyte lysate (B) was measured in visceral leishmaniasis and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis before and after treatment along with healthy subjects. * = Level of Significance p<0.05. ** = Level of Significance p<0.01. N = 10.</p