X-ray analysis of the galaxy group UGC 03957 beyond R

We investigated the gas properties of the galaxy group UGC03957 up to $1.4R_{200} \approx 1.4$Mpc in four azimuthal directions with the Suzaku satellit and performed a spectral analysis of five Suzaku observations of UGC03957 with 138ks good exposure time in total and five Chandra snapshot observations for point source detection. We found a temperature drop of a factor of ${\sim} 3$ from the center to the outskirts that is consistent with previous results for galaxy clusters. The metal abundance profile shows a flat behavior towards large radii, which is a hint for galactic winds as the primary ICM enrichment process. The entropy profile is consistent with numerical simulations after applying a gas mass fraction correction. Previous analyses for clusters and groups often showed an entropy flattening or even a drop around ${\sim} R_{200}$, which can be an indication of clumping or non-equilibrium states in the outskirts. Such entropy behavior is absent in UGC03957. The gas mass fraction is well below the cosmic mean but rises above this value beyond $R_{200}$, which could be a hint for deviations from hydrostatic equilibrium at these large radii. We determined the relative number of different supernovae types and found that the abundance pattern can be described by a relative contribution of 80% - 100% of core-collapse supernovae. This result is in agreement with previous measurements for galaxy groups.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, accepted by A&

Constitutional Law: A Contemporary Approach

The third edition of the casebook, which is suitable either for a one- or two-semester course, strives to make constitutional law easily teachable and readily accessible for students. The authors have selected the cases very carefully and provided extensive excerpts of the opinions so that students get a good sense of the Court\u27s reasoning. Text boxes call the students\u27 attention to important aspects of each opinion, and the book is filled with introductions, points for discussion, hypotheticals, and executive summaries. The authors present a diversity of views on every subject, and, reflecting some of their own disagreements, the authors have written point-counterpoint discussions on many disputed questions