17 research outputs found

    What Do We Know About Neuropsychological Aspects Of Schizophrenia?

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    Application of a neuropsychological perspective to the study of schizophrenia has established a number of important facts about this disorder. Some of the key findings from the existing literature are that, while neurocognitive impairment is present in most, if not all, persons with schizophrenia, there is both substantial interpatient heterogeneity and remarkable within-patient stability of cognitive function over the long-term course of the illness. Such findings have contributed to the firm establishment of neurobiologic models of schizophrenia, and thereby help to reduce the social stigma that was sometimes associated with purely psychogenic models popular during parts of the 20th century. Neuropsychological studies in recent decades have established the primacy of cognitive functions over psychopathologic symptoms as determinants of functional capacity and independence in everyday functioning. Although the cognitive benefits of both conventional and even second generation antipsychotic medications appear marginal at best, recognition of the primacy of cognitive deficits as determinants of functional disability in schizophrenia has catalyzed recent efforts to develop targeted treatments for the cognitive deficits of this disorder. Despite these accomplishments, however, some issues remain to be resolved. Efforts to firmly establish the specific neurocognitive/neuropathologic systems responsible for schizophrenia remain elusive, as do efforts to definitively demonstrate the specific cognitive deficits underlying specific forms of functional impairment. Further progress may be fostered by recent initiatives to integrate neuropsychological studies with experimental neuroscience, perhaps leading to measures of deficits in cognitive processes more clearly associated with specific, identifiable brain systems

    Russian Theory

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    Construtivismo: experiência metodológica em pesquisa na enfermagem Constructivismo: experiencia metodológica en investigación de enfermería Constructivism: methodological experience in nursing research

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    OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve o objetivo de socializar a experiência metodológica de uma pesquisa construtivista, sob os preceitos de Vygotsky quanto ao ensino-aprendizagem e Rodwell como estratégia investigativa. MÉTODOS: O construtivismo busca a interação do sujeito-objeto com o meio ambiente. Essa estratégia foi utilizada para construção de um modelo para formação e afirmação de vínculos profissionais saudáveis, junto à equipe de enfermagem. O critério de confiabilidade adotado foi a triangulação na obtenção dos dados: entrevista semi-estruturada, observação simples e grupo focal. RESULTADOS: É gratificante trabalhar com a metodologia e a teoria em questão, em virtude do respeito pelo sujeito pesquisado e flexibilidade do pesquisador. É relevante a utilização da triangulação, pois cada técnica utilizada complementa as brechas e assim alcança-se o objetivo do estudo. CONCLUSÃO: O investigador, apesar da responsabilidade pelo resultado da pesquisa, consegue efetuar um estudo participativo mediante uma construção coletiva.<br>OBJETIVO: En este estudio se tuvo como objetivo socializar la experiencia metodológica de una investigación constructivista, bajo los preceptos de Vygotsky en cuanto a la enseñanza-aprendizaje y Rodwell como estrategia investigativa. MÉTODOS: El constructivismo busca la interacción del sujeto-objeto con el medio ambiente. Esa estrategia fue utilizada para la construcción de un modelo para la formación y afirmación de vínculos profesionales saludables, con el equipo de enfermería. El criterio de confiabilidad adoptado fue la triangulación en la obtención de los datos: entrevista semi-estructurada, observación simple y grupo focal. RESULTADOS: Es gratificante trabajar con la metodología y la teoría en cuestión, en virtud del respeto por el sujeto investigado y la flexibilidad del investigador. Es relevante la utilización de la triangulación, pues cada técnica utilizada complementa las brechas y así puede alcanzarse el objetivo del estudio. CONCLUSIÓN: el investigador, a pesar de la responsabilidad por el resultado de la investigación, consigue efectuar un estudio participativo mediante una construcción colectiva.<br>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to socialize the methodological experience of a constructivist research, based on Vygotsky's rules of teaching-learning and Rodwell as a research strategy. METHODS: Constructivism aims for the subject-object's interaction with the environment. This strategy was used to construct a model for the formation and affirmation of healthy professional bonds in the nursing team. Triangulation in data collection was used as a reliability criterion: semi-structured interview, simple observation and focus group. RESULTS: It is rewarding to work with this methodology and theory, due to the respect for the research subject and the researcher's flexibility. The use of the triangulation is relevant because each technique used complements the gaps, so that the study objective is reached. CONCLUSION: Despite the responsibility for the research results, the researcher manages to carry out a participatory study through collective construction

    O cidadão com transtorno psíquico: reflexões sobre os direitos humanos e os direitos do paciente Citizen with psychological distraction: reflections about human rights and the patient's rights

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    Considerando, as transformações sócio-político-econômicas que vem ocorrendo, a construção da história da Enfermagem Psiquiátrica, bem como as modificações no ensino de enfermagem pela nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases e, ainda, a preocupação existente por parte de algumas facções no que se refere ao cumprimento e ao respeito aos Direitos Humanos e Direitos do Paciente, este estudo propõe reflexões sobre as condutas éticas de profissionais de enfermagem em relação ao paciente internado em hospital psiquiátrico, ressaltando o respeito pela dignidade humana. A discussão se dá à luz da Cartilha dos Direitos do Paciente, proposta pela Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Governo do Estado de São Paulo e da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos. Dá destaque à responsabilidade da área do ensino no tocante ao processo de mobilização para a transformação de preconceitos sobre a loucura, buscando a prática efetiva regida pelos princípios de igualdade, democracia, liberdade e exercício da cidadania.<br>Considering the social, political and economical changes such as occured during the construction of the Psychiatric Nursing History, as well as the ongoing modifications in teaching nursing due the new Law for Directories and Bases, and taking also into account the existing preoccupation of some sections as far as the compliance with the Human Rights and Patient Rights are concerned, the present study proposes some reflections about the ethical conducts by nursing professionals in relation to patients interned in Psychiatric Hospitals, giving emphasis to the aspects related to the human dignity. The discussion is based in the Directory of the Rights of Patients proposed by the Secretary of Health of the Government of the State of Seto Paulo, as well as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The study gives furthermore emphasis to the responsability in the area of teaching as far as the mobilization process for transforming the preconceptions regarding the mental diseases are concerned and examines the effective practice of equality, democracy, liberty and the exercise of the citizenship of the patient
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