Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Upper Jurassic of Bavaria, Germany:the problem of Cryptic Pterosaur Taxa in early ontogeny

The taxonomy of the Late Jurassic pterodactyloid pterosaur Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 from the Solnhofen Limestone Formation of Bavaria, Germany is reviewed. Its nomenclatural history is long and complex, having been synonymised with both P. kochi (Wagner, 1837), and P. antiquus (Sömmerring, 1812). The majority of pterosaur species from the Solnhofen Limestone, including P. scolopaciceps are represented by juveniles. Consequently, specimens can appear remarkably similar due to juvenile characteristics detracting from taxonomic differences that are exaggerated in later ontogeny. Previous morphological and morphometric analyses have failed to separate species or even genera due to this problem, and as a result many species have been subsumed into a single taxon. A hypodigm for P. scolopaciceps, comprising of the holotype (BSP AS V 29 a/b) and material Broili referred to the taxon is described. P. scolopaciceps is found to be a valid taxon, but placement within Pterodactylus is inappropriate. Consequently, the new genus Aerodactylus is erected to accommodate it. Aerodactylus can be diagnosed on account of a unique suite of characters including jaws containing 16 teeth per-jaw, per-side, which are more sparsely distributed caudally and terminate rostral to the nasoantorbital fenestra; dorsal surface of the skull is subtly depressed rostral of the cranial table; rostrum very elongate (RI = ∼7), terminating in a point; orbits correspondingly low and elongate; elongate cervical vertebrae (approximately three times the length of their width); wing-metacarpal elongate, but still shorter than the ulna and first wing-phalanx; and pteroid approximately 65% of the total length of the ulna, straight and extremely thin (less than one third the width of the ulna). A cladistic analysis demonstrates that Aerodactylus is distinct from Pterodactylus, but close to Cycnorhamphus Seeley, 1870, Ardeadactylus Bennett, 2013a and Aurorazhdarcho Frey, Meyer and Tischlinger, 2011, consequently we erect the inclusive taxon Aurorazhdarchidae for their reception

Re-evaluating the success of the EPA's 33/50 program: evidence from facility participation

Using previously unavailable data, we examine facility participation in the 33/50 Program and its effect on aggregate and toxicity weighted emissions between1991 and 1995 for a sample of facilities whose parent firms committed to the Program. By focusing on individual facilities we avoid the biases created by aggregating emissions across facilities. We find that while more polluting facilities within a firm were more likely to participate, even when we account for the toxicity of emissions, across firms there is no evidence of greater participation by facilities with higher emissions. Although emissions of the 33/50 chemicals fell over the years, we find that participation in the Program did not lead to the decline in the 33/50 releases generated by these facilities.Toxic Release Inventory; program participation; program evaluation, GMM, dynamic panel

The Impact of Coil Winding Angle on the Force of DC Solenoid Electromagnetic Actuator

This paper presents the research on the influence of coil parameter on the force of DC electromagnetic actuator. The coil parameter discussed in the paper is the angle between the windings. The research method is based on analyzing the magnetic path of DC electromagnetic actuator and on comparison of analytically obtained results with the numerical simulation results. Transient numerical simulation of DC electromagnetic actuator has been performed on the 2D axial-symmetric model using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The main contribution is the coil winding angle impact on the force of DC electromagnetic actuator. The results showed that, by reducing the coil winding angle, it is possible to increase the electromagnetic force, reduce the coil dimensions, and thus the dimensions of electromagnetic actuator

Price variability and the speed of adjustment to the law of one price: Evidence from Slovakia

This paper uses a large panel data set of monthly frequency final good and service prices in thirty-eight Slovak districts over a five-year period to study price variability and the working of the law of one price. We concentrate on three issues. First, using simple statistical tools, we investigate the range of price differences across Slovak districts. Second, we measure relative price variability across cities and across products. The variability of relative prices in the same district appears to be higher than the variability of prices of the same good across different districts. We identify the factors likely to be responsible for this fact. Third, using benchmarks we investigate the speed of convergence to the absolute law of one price. While we find evidence for absolute convergence, the speed is lower than that found in US cities. The speed of convergence to the relative law of one price is considerably higher.

Escherichia coliO157; prevalence, survival, and stress responses during prolonged heat and cold shocks

Escherichia coli O157 is a food borne pathogen of increasing public health concern worldwide. Cattle have been implicated as the primary reservoir of E. coli O157. The fact that the livestock industry has rapidly expanded in Saskatchewan makes it imperative to have a clear scientific understanding of the prevalence of E. coli O157 in this province as well as its survival in soil under ambient conditions.Longitudinal and point studies were employed to determine the prevalence of E. coli O157 among Saskatchewan’s cattle. During a 2-year period, 23 feedlot and cattle operations were examined and an overall prevalence of 15.6% was reported. The most important finding was that the prevalence rates were highly dependent on cattle density. All E. coli O157 isolates obtained from this study were characterized by using multiplex PCR, RAPD fingerprinting, a Vero cell cytotoxicity assay and antibiotic susceptibility tests. This characterization revealed a surprisingly highly virulent and heterogenous population of E. coli O157 isolates. Subsequently, the survival characteristics of E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894 in sterile soil and manure-amended soil microcosms, as well as in situ under ambient environmental conditions were examined. Findings from this work indicated that desiccation had the most lethal effect on cell viability, whereas nutritionally-rich soils significantly increased survival times of the pathogen population. A final study was designed to examine the survival strategy of hyper- and hypothermally adapted E. coli O157 cells exposed to high and low temperatures, with specific focus on the role of RpoS. Using wild type and its rpoS null allele E. coli O157 strains, in combination with 2D PAGE, It was found that both heat and cold post-acclimation stimulons consisted of two large sub-groups: (i) stress proteins, and (ii) housekeeping proteins. Comparative proteomic analyses revealed that the GroEL/S chaperonin complex and Pnp ribonuclease played a crucial role in growth resumption during high and low temperatures, respectively. Notably, RpoS had no control over key stress proteins in either stress stimulon. RpoS, however, showed a significantly more pronounced role during cold temperatures, where it was seen to regulate key proteins involved in homoeoviscous adaptation as well as various housekeeping proteins of both stress stimulons

Management of Market Development of South East Europe Countries

Development management in most cases starts closer economic cooperation in order to increase GDP and welfare, which is primarily economic. Market liberalization has in fact started the integration of European states. The countries of South East Europe need to aim at for development paying particular attention to the maintenance of macroeconomic stability South East Europe need to aim at management changes paying particular attention to the maintenance of macroeconomic stability, competitiveness and cooperation with the European Union.In this work, the author wishes to emphasize the importance of development management, long-term sustainable and stable growth is the priority of every society that passes through the transition period. The focus of the paper is the management of market development, where a comparison of the situation of the three countries within the European Union is given: Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria and three candidate countries for membership of the European Union: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro

Teaching With Spirit: Freire, Dialogue, And Spirituality In The Composition Classroom

This ethnographic study examines the role of spirituality in the composition teaching process and in Paolo Freire\u27s dialogic education specifically. Work to acquire some aspects of spiritual Discourse, as the term is defined by James Gee, is needed in order to make this spiritual foundation visible and practicable. Through a series of ethnographic narratives of a classroom, this study demonstrates the necessity of spiritual work on the part of the teacher to develop the mind frame and skill set necessary for dialogic pedagogy. A series of workshop activities based on Freire\u27s spiritual prerequisites for dialogic education are proposed

Benchmark-Instrument for Controlling as a Function of Higher Education-Comparative Analysis in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Object of research is such that it is necessary to ask why even conducted “benchmark” in higher education? Analysis and comparison of the organizational units within the company itself, but also with the competition, will help in understanding the success factors, determining the problem areas of the subject and knowledge of roads to improve the current situation. Use that provides quality made “benchmark” be located in the recognition requirements of consumers, establish effective goals, development of accurate indicators of production, improve competitiveness, and the installation of the best business process. I would say that benchmark contributes to determining the best way carry out a satisfied customer, cost-efficient collection of creative ideas, knowledge of own strengths and weaknesses, and supporting process improvement of continuing action. Therefore, all the work put in relation to the Higher Education Benchmarks

Management of the Tourism Offer as an Economic Development Function Bosnia and Herzegovina

It is a known fact that tourism is a natural phenomenon that effects equally both the economic and social development of each country. On the other hand, economic development should provide a steady / constant economic growth. If we look at the economy and tourism in the same light it is said that the two phenomena are unified by one of the most important drivers of growth in the world. Economic results expected from tourism should not be valid unless it is done benchmarking analysis of similar tourist destination, because only comparisons with the best, or at least their own kind (meaning the capacity supply) provides valid information. The main objective of this paper is to show how tourism effects of economic development BiH is also given some basic guidelines on what to conceive of future economic activity, and where the potential exists tourist attractions