Real Hacienda y Negocios: García de Salcedo, Oficial Real en Lima (1532-1556)

In the context of the expansion of mercantile capitalism and the transformation of the State during the sixteenth century, this article focuses on the tensions between private interests and those of the Castilian Crown, particularly the work of the Royal Treasury (Real Hacienda) during the Conquest. It examines the case of one of the first royal officials in Peru. The violation of state norms by administrative agents of the monarchy has been treated by different authors from different perspectives. The reason for returning to this issue here consists in observing it as a strategy combined with other mechanisms of profit extraction in the process of the Conquest and in economic activities in commercial and agrarian sectors

Expression of Novel Opsins and Intrinsic Light Responses in the Mammalian Retinal Ganglion Cell Line RGC-5. Presence of OPN5 in the Rat Retina

The vertebrate retina is known to contain three classes of photoreceptor cells: cones and rods responsible for vision, and intrinsically photoresponsive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) involved in diverse non-visual functions such as photic entrainment of daily rhythms and pupillary light responses. In this paper we investigated the potential intrinsic photoresponsiveness of the rat RGC line, RGC-5, by testing for the presence of visual and non-visual opsins and assessing expression of the immediate-early gene protein c-Fos and changes in intracellular Ca2+mobilization in response to brief light pulses. Cultured RGC-5 cells express a number of photopigment mRNAs such as retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR), encephalopsin/panopsin (Opn3), neuropsin (Opn5) and cone opsin (Opn1mw) but not melanopsin (Opn4) or rhodopsin. Opn5 immunoreactivity was observed in RGC-5 cells and in the inner retina of rat, mainly localized in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Furthermore, white light pulses of different intensities and durations elicited changes both in intracellular Ca2+ levels and in the induction of c-Fos protein in RGC-5 cell cultures. The results demonstrate that RGC-5 cells expressing diverse putative functional photopigments display intrinsic photosensitivity which accounts for the photic induction of c-Fos protein and changes in intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. The presence of Opn5 in the GCL of the rat retina suggests the existence of a novel type of photoreceptor cell

Study of the scattering of halo nuclei around the Coulomb barrier

During the past ten years the present collaboration has carried out several experiments related with the study of radioactive nuclei. One of the topics in which we have centered our research, is the scattering of halo nuclei at energies around the Coulomb barrier. As part of this study, we present in this work a review of the results obtained from the scattering of 6He, 11Be and 11Li. The presence of a "halo" in these exotic nuclei is found to have a striking effect on the dynamics of these reactions, making their study an interesting experimental problem and a challenge for existing reaction theories.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología FPA2005-04460, FPA2005-02379, FPA-2000-1592-C03-02, FPA2003-05958, FPA2002- 04181-C04-02/03, FPA2006-13807-c02-0, FPA2009- 07653Programa Español Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CSD2007-0004

Elastic scattering and α -particle production in 6 He + 208 Pb collisions at 22 MeV

Experimental results of the elastic scattering of 6He on 208Pb at E LAB=22 MeV, measured at the CRC facility (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium), are presented, including results on the 4He production channel. These data were taken with full angular coverage and high angular resolution. Both experimental cross sections are compared with continuum discretized coupled channels and distorted-wave Born approximation calculations, where direct breakup and transfer to the continuum processes are considered. The elastic data confirm the absence of the Coulomb rainbow, while the distribution of α particles indicates that such production is mostly generated by transfer to the continuum.MICINN FPA2005-04460 FPA200502379 FPA2006-13807-c02-01 FPA2007-63074 FPA2009-07653 FPA2009-07387 FPA2010-22131-C02-01Junta de Andalucía FQM-4964Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CSD2007-00042Comisión Europea HPRI-CT-1999-0011

Childhood acute leukemias are frequent in Mexico City: descriptive epidemiology

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Worldwide, acute leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer. It is particularly common in the Hispanic populations residing in the United States, Costa Rica, and Mexico City. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of acute leukemia in children who were diagnosed and treated in public hospitals in Mexico City.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Included in this study were those children, under 15 years of age and residents of Mexico City, who were diagnosed in 2006 and 2007 with leukemia, as determined by using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. The average annual incidence rates (AAIR), and the standardized average annual incidence rates (SAAIR) per million children were calculated. We calculated crude, age- and sex-specific incidence rates and adjusted for age by the direct method with the world population as standard. We determined if there were a correlation between the incidence of acute leukemias in the various boroughs of Mexico City and either the number of agricultural hectares, the average number of persons per household, or the municipal human development index for Mexico (used as a reference of socio-economic level).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Although a total of 610 new cases of leukemia were registered during 2006-2007, only 228 fit the criteria for inclusion in this study. The overall SAAIR was 57.6 per million children (95% CI, 46.9-68.3); acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was the most frequent type of leukemia, constituting 85.1% of the cases (SAAIR: 49.5 per million), followed by acute myeloblastic leukemia at 12.3% (SAAIR: 6.9 per million), and chronic myeloid leukemia at 1.7% (SAAIR: 0.9 per million). The 1-4 years age group had the highest SAAIR for ALL (77.7 per million). For cases of ALL, 73.2% had precursor B-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR: 35.8 per million) and 12.4% had T-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR 6.3 per million). The peak ages for ALL were 2-6 years and 8-10 years. More than half the children (58.8%) were classified as high risk. There was a positive correlation between the average number of persons per household and the incidence of the pre-B immunophenotype (Pearson's r, 0.789; P = 0.02).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The frequency of ALL in Mexico City is among the highest in the world, similar to those found for Hispanics in the United States and in Costa Rica.</p

Conocimientos tradicionales relativos a la biodiversidad agrícola

La biodiversidad agrícola, a diferencia de la silvestre, requiere la acción continuada de los agricultores para su conservación, ya que las plantas cultivadas dependen de la intervención humana, con actividades como la selección, la siembra, el abonado, la poda u otras prácticas agrícolas para su supervivencia. Desde la revolución agrícola del Neolítico hasta la actualidad, estas prácticas y conocimientos han ido generando y conservando una gran diversidad, amenazada a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX por las causas que se han indicado anteriormente.Peer reviewe

Effectiveness of Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infections

IMPORTANCE The consumption of broad-spectrum drugs has increased as a consequence of the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Finding alternatives for these infections is critical, for which some neglected drugs may be an option. OBJECTIVE To determine whether fosfomycin is noninferior to ceftriaxone or meropenem in the targeted treatment of bacteremic urinary tract infections (bUTIs) due to MDR E coli. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, randomized, pragmatic, open clinical trial was conducted at 22 Spanish hospitals from June 2014 to December 2018. Eligible participants were adult patients with bacteremic urinary tract infections due to MDR E coli; 161 of 1578 screened patients were randomized and followed up for 60 days. Data were analyzed in May 2021. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized 1 to 1 to receive intravenous fosfomycin disodium at 4 g every 6 hours (70 participants) or a comparator (ceftriaxone or meropenem if resistant; 73 participants) with the option to switch to oral fosfomycin trometamol for the fosfomycin group or an active oral drug or pa renteral ertapenem for the comparator group after 4 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was clinical and microbiological cure (CMC) 5 to 7 days after finalization of treatment; a noninferiority margin of 7% was considered. RESULTS Among 143 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population (median [IQR] age, 72 [62-81] years; 73 [51.0%] women), 48 of 70 patients (68.6%) treated with fosfomycin and 57 of 73 patients (78.1%) treated with comparators reached CMC (risk difference, -9.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI, -21.5 to infinity percentage points; P = .10). While clinical or microbiological failure occurred among 10 patients (14.3%) treated with fosfomycin and 14 patients (19.7%) treated with comparators (risk difference, -5.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI. -infinity to 4.9; percentage points; P = .19), an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations occurred with fosfomycin vs comparators (6 discontinuations [8.5%] vs 0 discontinuations; P = .006). In an exploratory analysis among a subset of 38 patients who underwent rectal colonization studies, patients treated with fosfomycin acquired a new ceftriaxone-resistant or meropenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria at a decreased rate compared with patients treated with comparators (0 of 21 patients vs 4 of 17 patients [23.5%]; 1-sided P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that fosfomycin did not demonstrate noninferiority to comparators as targeted treatment of bUTI from MDR E coli; this was due to an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations. This finding suggests that fosfomycin may be considered for selected patients with these infections

Complement component C4 structural variation and quantitative traits contribute to sex-biased vulnerability in systemic sclerosis

Altres ajuts: Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), "A way of making Europe".Copy number (CN) polymorphisms of complement C4 play distinct roles in many conditions, including immune-mediated diseases. We investigated the association of C4 CN with systemic sclerosis (SSc) risk. Imputed total C4, C4A, C4B, and HERV-K CN were analyzed in 26,633 individuals and validated in an independent cohort. Our results showed that higher C4 CN confers protection to SSc, and deviations from CN parity of C4A and C4B augmented risk. The protection contributed per copy of C4A and C4B differed by sex. Stronger protection was afforded by C4A in men and by C4B in women. C4 CN correlated well with its gene expression and serum protein levels, and less C4 was detected for both in SSc patients. Conditioned analysis suggests that C4 genetics strongly contributes to the SSc association within the major histocompatibility complex locus and highlights classical alleles and amino acid variants of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DPB1 as C4-independent signals

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Estudio de los Ecosistemas Marinos Vulnerables en aguas internacionales del Atlántico Sudoccidental

En este libro, basado en la mejor información científica disponible hasta la fecha, se presentan los resultados y conclusiones de una serie de trece campañas de investigación multidisciplinar realizadas entre octubre de 2007 y abril de 2010 por los componentes del Grupo ATLANTIS a bordo del B/O MIGUEL OLIVER, propiedad de la Secretaría General de Pesca (SGP). El estudio surge a raíz de la solicitud por parte de la SGP (anteriormente denominada Secretaría General del Mar) al Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), para la realización de una serie de campañas de investigación multidisciplinar en aguas internacionales del Atlántico Sudoccidental, dirigidas al estudio de los Ecosistemas Marinos Vulnerables (EMVs) y de las posibles interacciones con las actividades pesqueras. El objetivo final de dichas campañas era el estudio y la identificación cuantitativa, cualitativa y geográfica de los EMVs y de los grupos taxonómicos de organismos sensibles que pudieran existir en la zona de estudio, incluyendo la propuesta de posibles zonas marinas a proteger, para una explotación sostenible de los recursos pesqueros en el ámbito del respeto a los EMVs. Los resultados que se presentan en este libro comprenden los obtenidos a través de los trabajos de geología, geomorfología, bentos, pesca, oceanografía física y análisis de contaminantes en la zona de aguas internacionales del Atlántico Sudoccidental comprendida entre los paralelos 42º y 48ºS, y la isobata de los 1500 m de profundidad (Figura 2.2). Entre estos resultados se incluye el cartografiado y una batimetría detallada de la zona, la descripción del substrato geológico y de los aspectos bentónicos, el análisis de la distribución y abundancia de las especies de mayor interés comercial, la huella de la pesquería, la identificación y descripción preliminar de los EMVs, y la propuesta de Zonas de Protección, basada en criterios Geológicos, Geomorfológicos y Biológicos. Toda esta información ha sido incorporada para su tratamiento en una plataforma SIG (Sistema de Información Geográfica) y los resultados obtenidos y presentados en este libro vienen acompañados de abundante información gráfica, como imágenes batimétricas en 3D, fotografías de bentos (infauna y epifauna), imágenes tomadas con un ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) y con una cámara digital submarina, así como una serie de mapas de distribución, capturas y densidad de las principales especies de interés pesquero. Se incluye también un mapa con la huella de la pesquería (1989-2010) que permita observar la incidencia de las Zonas de Protección propuestas en el área en la que faena habitualmente la flota española de arrastre de fondo. Como información adicional a la obtenida en las trece campañas de investigación, también se ha utilizado la base de datos creada con la información recogida por el Programa de Observadores del IEO entre los años 1989-2010, referente a datos comerciales, biológicos, oceanográficos y físicos (batimetría, temperatura superficial del mar y temperatura del fondo). Entre octubre de 2007 y abril de 2010 se han realizado un total de trece campañas de investigación multidisciplinar, que se han concretado en los siguientes trabajos: • 347 días efectivos de mar • Prospección de una superficie total de 59.105 km2 • Realización de un total de 91.905 km de perfiles geofísicos • 102 muestreos con draga de roca • 209 muestreos con draga box corer • 519 estaciones de CTD • 413 lances de pesca • 413 muestras de sedimentos con el colector de red • Recogida de varios miles de lotes de muestras de bentos que representan varios centenares de miles de especímenes y/o colonias • Realización de miles de fotografías de especies bentónicas, centenares de imágenes digitales de alta resolución y decenas de horas de vídeo realizadas con el ROV del barco Entre los principales resultados de los trabajos de investigación multidisciplinar presentados en este libro hay que destacar la identificación, descripción y delimitación de los EMVs, siguiendo criterios biológicos, geológicos y mixtos; la identificación de los principales grupos bentónicos indicadores de EMVs; la determinación de los valores que representan una captura significativa de los distintos taxones considerados como vulnerables según criterios de la ONU y OSPAR, y finalmente, la propuesta de áreas marinas que deberían ser consideradas como candidatas a ser protegidas. En total se proponen nueve polígonos de diferente superficie para su valoración como zonas de protección (Figura 7.5) y se hace referencia a la incidencia que el cierre de dichas zonas podría tener sobre la actividad de la flota, es decir, el grado de solapamiento entre las zonas de protección y la huella de la pesquería (Figura 7.6). Todos estos resultados se presentan acompañados de abundantes gráficas, figuras y mapas.Instituto Español de OceanografíaVersión del edito