114 research outputs found
Nutritive value of several silages produced from caged layer excreta and corn stover
Two total-collection trials were conducted to determine the nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of caged layer excreta-corn stover silages treated with or without silage additives. In trial 1, silages were produced from 18 or 30% excreta, 50% corn stover and various amounts of water to achieve a 50% moisture silage, and fed to 12 mature wether sheep.
The pH, after ensiling, was 4.6 for the 18% excreta silage and 5.0 for the 30% excreta silage. The 18% excreta and the 30% excreta silages contained: 48.8 and 45.8% dry matter; and on a dry matter basis, 10.5 and 14.0% crude protein; 1.30 and 1.69% ether extract; 29.2 and 28.5% crude fiber; 8.2 and 11.8% ash; 50.9 and 44.2% nitrogen-free extract; 46.2 and 46.4% acid-detergent fiber; and 4.57 and 7.18 mg/g uric acid, respectively. Dry matter intake of the 18% excreta silage was 1.17 kg/day and was similar to the 1.15 kg/day of the 30% excreta silage. Apparent digestion coefficients for the 18% and the 30% excreta silages were: dry matter, 46.4 and 47.1%; organic matter, 48.9 and 49.8%; crude protein, 59.4 and 65.2%; ether extract, 71.5 and 75.2%; crude fiber, 47.6 and 50.0%; nitro gen-free extract, 46.9 and 43.8%; and acid-detergent fiber, 35.0 and 36.5%, respectively. Total digestible nutrients were 46.1 for the 18% excreta silage and 45.5 for the 30% excreta silage. Dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber and acid-detergent fiber digestibilities were similar across treatment (p\u3e.05). A significant increase in the digestibility of crude protein (p\u3c.01) and ether extract (p\u3c.05) was found for the 30% excreta silage while the 18% excreta silage supported higher (p\u3c.05) nitrogen-free extract digestibility.
The nitrogen intake, nitrogen retention, true nitrogen digestibility, absorbed nitrogen retained, intake nitrogen retained, net protein utilization and net protein value of the 18% excreta silage were 19.7 g/day, 8.51 g/day, 85.09%, 50.42%, 9.77%, 36.06% and 4.51%, respectively, while for the 30% excreta silage they were 25.6 g/day, 1.94 g/day, 84.68%, 9.80%, -22.85%, 8.36% and 1.17%, respectively. The nitrogen intake was higher (p\u3c.01) for the 30% excreta silage. All of the other nitrogen utilization parameters except true nitrogen digestibility were significantly higher (p\u3c.01) for the 18% excreta silage. The true nitrogen digestibility was similar (p\u3e.05) for both silages.
In trial 2, 16 wether sheep were used to determine the effect of silage additives on fermentation of excreta silage, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization. The silage treatments were: no additives (control), Silabac (a bacterial additive), phosphoric acid (an acid additive) or the combination of Silabac and phosphoric acid. The level of excreta used in this trial was 22.5%; the corn stover was 50% of the ensiling material and again water was added to produce a 50% moisture silage.
The nutritional composition of the silages was quite variable. The dry matter of the silages treated with no additives (control), Silabac, phosphoric acid or the combination of the latter two was 58.4, 53.5, 55.2 and 61.6%, respectively; other nutrients, on a dry matter basis were: crude protein, 9.2, 8.6, 8.4 and 10.1%; ether extract, 1.22, 0.96, 0.85 and 1.20%; crude fiber, 27.9, 28.0, 36.4 and 28.2%; ash 12.5, 11.4, 9.4 and 15.2%; nitrogen-free extract, 49.1, 51.1, 51.0 and 44.8%; acid-deterent fiber, 42.5, 42.4, 45.0 and 40.9% and uric acid 5.98, 3.30, 3.63 and 9.38 mg/g, respectively.
Dry matter intake was 1.22, 0.97, 0.98 and 1.14 kg/day for the silages containing no additives, Silabac, phosphoric acid and the combination of both additives, respectively. Apparent digestion coefficients for these silages were: dry matter, 36.9, 40.8, 39.6 and 42.2%; organic matter, 40.7, 42.8, 45.0 and 44.2%; crude protein, 47.5, 40.5,31.3 and 45.9%; ether extract, 66.0, 58.8, 66.0 and 75.6%; crude fiber, 39.5, 44.1, 47.6 and 43.4%; nitrogen-free extract, 41.8, 46.4, 45.4 and 43.5%; and acid-detergent fiber, 33.3, 31.1, 37.1 and 36.2%, respectively. Total digestible nutrients were 37.7, 40.8, 41.8 and 38.5% for these silages, respectively. Dry matter digestibility was higher (p\u3c.01) for the additive treated silages than that of the control silage although the organic matter digestibility was similar for all silages. The crude protein digestibility was higher (p\u3c.05) for the Silabac treated silage than that of the phosphoric acid silage. However, ether extract digestibility was higher (p\u3c.05) for the phosphoric acid silage than that of the silage treated with Silabac. Silage made with the combination of additives had higher (p\u3c.01) ether extract digestibility than the mean of Silabac and phosphoric acid silages. Crude fiber digestibility was higher (p\u3c.05) for all the treated silages while there were no differences among treated silages (p\u3c.10). Conversely, phosphoric acid treated silages supported higher (p\u3c05) acid-detergent fiber digestibility than that of the Silabac treated silage but the control silage and the mean of the additive treated silages had similar acid-detergent fiber digestibility (p\u3c.10). Total digestible nutrients were higher (p\u3c.05) with the additive treated silages than the control silage. A higher TDN (p\u3c.05) was obtained when the additives were used singly rather than in combination
Consuming the daily recommended amounts of dairy products would reduce the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes in the United States: diet modelling study based on NHANES 2007ā2010
Background: A large portion of Americans are not meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for several essential vitamins and mineralsĀ due to poor dietary choices. Dairy products are a key source of many of the nutrients that are under consumed, but children and adults do notĀ consume the recommended amounts from this food group. This study modelled the impact of meeting daily recommended amounts of dairyĀ products on population-based nutrient intakes.Methods: Two-day 24-h dietary recalls collected from participants ā„2 years (n = 8944) from the 2007ā2010 What We Eat in America, NationalĀ Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analysed. Databases available from the WWEIA/NHANES and the United StatesĀ Department of Agriculture (USDA) were used to determine nutrient, food group, and dietary supplement intakes. Modelling was performedĀ by adding the necessary number of dairy servings, using the dairy composite designed by USDA, to each participantās diet to meet the dairyĀ recommendations outlined by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. All analyses included sample weights to account for the NHANESĀ survey design.Results: The majority of children 4 years and older (67.4ā88.8 %) and nearly all adults (99.0ā99.6 %) fall below the recommended 2.5-3 dailyĀ servings of dairy products. Increasing dairy consumption to recommended amounts would result in a significant reduction in the percent ofĀ adults with calcium, magnesium, and vitamin A intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) when considering food intake aloneĀ (0ā2.0 vs. 9.9ā91.1 %; 17.3ā75.0 vs. 44.7ā88.5 %; 0.1ā15.1 vs. 15.3ā48.0 %, respectively), as well as food and dietary supplement intake.Ā Minimal, but significant, improvements were observed for the percent of people below the EAR for vitamin D (91.7 99.9 vs. 91.8ā99.9 %), andĀ little change was achieved for the large percentage of people below the Adequate Intake for potassium.Conclusions: Increasing dairy food consumption to recommended amounts is one practical dietary change that could significantly improveĀ the populationās adequacy for certain vitamins and minerals that are currently under-consumed, as well as have a positive impact on health.Keywords: Nutrients; Nutrient adequacy; Dairy; Nutrition and health; NHANE
Relationship between Snacking Patterns, Diet Quality and Risk of Overweight and Abdominal Obesity in Children
Snacking is very common among Americans; the impact of variety of snacking patterns on nutrient intake and weight status is unclear. This study examined the associations of snacking patterns on nutrient intake and weight in U.S. children 2-18 years (n=14,220) participating in the 2001-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cluster analysis generated 12 distinct snacking patterns, explaining 57% of variance in total calories consumed. Only 8% of the children did not consume snacks on the day of the 24-hour recall. Cakes, cookies and pastries was the most common snacking pattern (16%) followed by miscellaneous snacks (e.g. whole milk, orange juice and meat/fish/poultry; 13%), and crackers and salty snacks (10%). Most snacking patterns resulted in higher total energy intake than the no snack pattern. After controlling for energy intake, most snacking patterns resulted in higher intakes of fiber; vitamins A, C, B12, and K; riboflavin; folate; potassium; calcium; zinc; and magnesium than the no snack pattern. However, most of the snacking patterns resulted in higher total intake of saturated fatty acids, solid fats, added sugars, and sodium (nutrients to limit). Several of the snacking patterns (i.e. cakes/cookies/pastries, crackers/salty snacks, sweets, and other grains) were associated with a reduced risk of overweight and abdominal obesity. Overall, several snacking patterns compared with non-snackers had better diet quality and were less likely to be overweight or obese and less likely to have abdominal obesity. Education is needed to improve snacking patterns in terms of nutrients to limit in the diet
Consumption of 100% Fruit Juice is Associated with Better Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality but not with Weight Status in Children: NHANES 2007-2010
Objective: This study examined the impact of various levels of 100% fruit juice (FJ) consumption on intake of nutrients, diet quality, and weight in children using the more recent national data.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study examining the data from children 2-18 years of age (n=6,090). Intake of nutrients and diet quality were assessed using the 24-hr dietary recall and Healthy Eating Index-2010, respectively. Various consumption levels of 100% FJ were determined. Covariate adjusted linear regression means, and standard errors were determined (p<0.01).Results: Average per capita consumption of 100% FJ consumed was 3.6 fl oz (50 kilocalories; 2.9% energy intake); 30% of children 2-6 years exceeded the recommendation for 100% FJ. Among 100% FJ consumers, the mean amount of 100% FJ consumed was 10.6 fl oz (147 kilocalories; 8.4% energy intake). Intakes of vitamin C, magnesium, and potassium and overall diet quality were higher with more 100% FJ consumed; no difference was found in total fiber intake. No trends were seen in weight with increased amounts of 100% FJ consumed.Conclusions: Consumption of 100% FJ should be recommended as a component of a healthy diet
Beverage Consumption in the Diets of Children is Not Consistently Associated with Weight: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2014
Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine whether there was significant risk associated with types of beverages consumed on the weight status in children.Design: Nationally representative cross-sectional sample.Setting: Demographic information was obtained from the NHANES interviews. Dietary intake data were obtained from Day 1, in-person 24-hour dietary recall interviews administered using an automated multiple-pass method. Height and weight were obtained according to NHANES Anthropometry Procedures Manual.Subjects: Children 2-18 years of age.Results: The likelihood of being overweight or obese was not significant for any of the beverages studied between consumers and non-consumers. For the total sample, for every 29.6 mL of water consumed the risk of being obese was 1%. For ages 6-11 years water consumption increased the risk of being obese and in ages 2-5 years, consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) increased the risk of being obese. The risk of being obese was significant p <0.05 for Hispanic males for every 29.6 mL of water consumed and for 100% fruit juice and SSB for other males; increased risk was ?3%. The risk of being obese increased for White females for every 29.6 mL of flavored milk consumed and water consumption for both Black females and Hispanic females; the significant p<0.05 increased risk of obesity was ?7%.Conclusions: Beverage consumption was not consistently associated with weight status in the diets of a nationally representative sample of children. In some cases the increased risk was very small
Trends in Orange Juice Consumption and Nutrient Adequacy in Children 2003-2016
This study aimed to examine secular trends in 100% orange juice (OJ) consumption and trends in nutrient adequacy in children 2-18 years participating in the 2003-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the usual intake. Ten deciles of OJ consumption were determined based on intakes with non-consumers in the first decile. Nutrient adequacy was determined using the percentage below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or the Adequate Intake (AI) percentage. Linear regression coefficients for changes in intake over time and across deciles of OJ were generated. Approximately 14% of the total sample consumed OJ with a mean intake of 40.0 g/d (77 KJ [0.9% of total energy intake]). Amounts of all 100% fruit juices consumed decreased by 44%, and whole fruit intake increased by approximately 32% from 2003-2016. Consumption of total energy, total carbohydrates, added sugars, and saturated fatty acids decreased. Intakes of folate, riboflavin, zinc, and vitamin C decreased from 2003-2016. The percentage of children below the EAR increased for vitamin C and zinc and decreased for vitamin A from 2003-2016. Percent of children above the AI increased for fiber. Across the deciles of OJ consumption, the percent of children with an inadequate vitamin D intake, calcium, iron, and phosphorus decreased. OJ and other 100% juices were major food sources of many nutrients consumed at levels below recommendations. One strategy to reduce inadequate intake of calcium, phosphorus, and potassium intake is to maintain or increase the consumption of OJ and other 100% juice
A Classification System for Defining and Estimating Dietary Intake of Live Microbes in US Adults and Children
Background:
Consuming livemicrobes in foods may benefit human health. Live microbe estimates have not previously been associated with individual foods in dietary databases.
Objectives:
We aimed to estimate intake of live microbes in US children (aged 2ā18 y) and adults (ā„19 y) (n = 74,466; 51.2% female).
Methods:
Using cross-sectional data from the NHANES (2001ā2018), experts assigned foods an estimated level of live microbes per gram [low (Lo), \u3c104 CFU/g; medium (Med), 104ā107 CFU/g; or high (Hi), \u3e107 CFU/g]. Probiotic dietary supplements were also assessed. The mean intake of each live microbe category and the percentages of subjects who ate from each live microbe category were determined. Nutrients from foods with live microbes were also determined using the population ratio method. Because the Hi category comprised primarily fermented dairy foods, we also looked at aggregated data for Med or Hi (MedHi), which included an expanded range of live microbeācontaining foods, including fruits and vegetables.
Results:
Our analysis showed that 52%, 20%, and 59% of children/adolescents, and 61%, 26%, and 67% of adults, consumed Med, Hi, or MedHi foods, respectively. Per capita intake of Med, Hi, and MedHi foods was 69, 16, and 85 g/d for children/adolescents, and 106, 21, and 127 g/d for adults, respectively. The proportion of subjects who consumed live microbes and overall per capita intake increased significantly over the 9 cycles/18-y study period (0.9ā3.1 g/d per cycle in children across categories and 1.4 g/d per cycle in adults for the Med category).
Conclusions:
This study indicated that children, adolescents, and adults in the United States steadily increased their consumption of foods with live microbes between the earliest (2001ā2002) and latest (2017ā2018) survey cycles. Additional research is needed to determine the relations between exposure to live microbes in foods and specific health outcomes or biomarkers
Association of candy consumption with body weight measures, other health risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and diet quality in US children and adolescents: NHANES 1999ā2004
Objective : The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of total, chocolate, or sugar candy consumption on intakes of total energy, fat, and added sugars; diet quality; weight/adiposity parameters; and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in children 2–13 years of age (n=7,049) and adolescents 14–18 years (n=4,132) participating in the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods : Twenty-four hour dietary recalls were used to determine intake. Diet quality was determined using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005). Covariate-adjusted means, standard errors, and prevalence rates were determined for each candy consumption group. Odds ratios were used to determine the likelihood of associations with weight status and diet quality. Results : In younger children, total, chocolate, and sugar candy consumption was 11.4 g±1.61, 4.8 g±0.35, and 6.6 g±0.46, respectively. In adolescents, total, chocolate, and sugar candy consumption was 13.0 g±0.87, 7.0 g±0.56, and 5.9 g±0.56, respectively. Total candy consumers had higher intakes of total energy (2248.9 kcals±26.8 vs 1993.1 kcals±15.1, p<0.0001) and added sugars (27.7 g±0.44 vs 23.4 g±0.38, p<0.0001) than non-consumers. Mean HEI-2005 score was not different in total candy and sugar candy consumers as compared to non-consumers, but was significantly lower in chocolate candy consumers (46.7±0.8 vs 48.3±0.4, p = 0.0337). Weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, percentiles/z-score for weight-for-age and BMI-for-age were lower for candy consumers as compared to non-consumers. Candy consumers were 22 and 26%, respectively, less likely to be overweight and obese than non-candy consumers. Blood pressure, blood lipid levels, and cardiovascular risk factors were not different between total, chocolate, and sugar candy consumers and non-consumers (except that sugar candy consumers had lower C-reactive protein levels than non-consumers). Conclusion : This study suggests that candy consumption did not adversely affect health risk markers in children and adolescents
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