Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) and the Economic Viability of States in Nigeria

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) and the Economic Viability of States in Nigeria using State Government Debt Stock. Specifically, the study seeks to determine the effect of IGR on State government expenditure. Methods: Secondary data were used for this study. It used an annual panel data set spanning from 1986 to 2021 for six states each from Nigeria's six geopolitical zones. A Panel Vector Error Correction Model (PVECM) was used as the method of analysis. Results: Results showed that the IGR of States in Nigeria had a positive effect on State government expenditure. The Impulse Response Function of expenditure to shocks from IGR indicates that IGR for the periods under analysis positively affected State government expenditure, increasing their expenditure profile for the majority of the period under analysis. The result of the variance decomposition test of State government total debt stock (TDS) shows that IGR had the greatest shock on the total debt stock of State governments in the country after its own shock. The findings also revealed a mixed and varied outcome, demonstrating both a positive and negative influence of IGR on the overall debt stock of the state government. Implications: The study is expected to contribute to good economic management, such as managing the debt load at reasonable levels, as well as adequate economic planning backed by cost-effective expenditure. It will also contribute to the economic sustainability of Nigerian states. The uniqueness of this research is obvious in its ability to address the statewide problem of over-dependence on the federal government’s allocation

A BAYESIAN CLASSIFICATION ON ASSET VULNERABILITY FOR REAL TIME REDUCTION OF FALSE POSITIVES IN IDS

IT assets connected on internetwill encounter alien protocols and few parameters of protocol process are exposed as vulnerabilities. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are installed to alerton suspicious traffic or activity. IDS issuesfalse positives alerts, if any behavior construe for partial attack pattern or the IDS lacks environment knowledge. Continuous monitoring of alerts to evolve whether, an alert is false positive or not is a major concern. In this paper we present design of an external module to IDS,to identify false positive alertsbased on anomaly based adaptive learning model. The novel feature of this design is that the system updates behavior profile of assets and environment with adaptive learning process.A mixture model is used for behavior modeling from reference data. The design of the detection and learning process are based on normal behavior and of environment. The anomaly alert identification algorithm isbuiltonSparse Markov Transducers (SMT) based probability.The total process is presented using real-time data. The Experimental results are validated and presentedwith reference to lab environment

Act quickly, decide later: long latency visual processing underlies perceptual decisions but not reflexive behavior

Jolij J, Scholte H, Van Gaal S, Hodgson TL, Lamme VAF (2011) Act quickly, decide later: Long latency visual processing underlies perceptual decisions but not reflexive behavior. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23(12), p 3734-3745

Percutaneous foot joint needle placement using a C-arm flat-panel detector CT

Purpose: Image guidance is valuable for diagnostic injections in foot orthopaedics. Flat-detector computed tomography (FD-CT) was implemented using a C-arm, and the system was tested for needle guidance in foot joint injections. Methods: FD-CT—guided joint infiltration was performed in 6 patients referred from the orthopaedic department for diagnostic foot injections. All interventions were performed utilising a flat-panel fluoroscopy system utilising specialised image guidance and planning software. Successful infiltration was defined by localisation of contrast media depot in the targeted joint. The pre- and post-interventional numeric analogue scale (NAS) pain score was assessed. Results: All injections were technically successful. Contrast media deposit was documented in all targeted joints. Significant relief of symptoms was noted by all 6 participants. Conclusions: FD-CT—guided joint infiltration is a feasible method for diagnostic infiltration of midfoot and hindfoot joints. The FD-CT approach may become an alternative to commonly used 2D-fluoroscopically guidanc