17 research outputs found
Long Term Ocular Drug Delivery with Novel Pentablock Copolymers; Part I: Composite Nanoformulation of Macromolecules For Back of the Eye Diseases, Part II: Dexamethasone Nanoparticle to Develop an In Vitro Model for Glaucoma
Title from PDF of title page viewed August 28, 2018Dissertation advisor: Ashim K. MitraVitaIncludes bibliographical references (pages 208-225)Thesis (Ph.,D.)--School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2017Pentablock (PB) copolymers have been successfully synthesized for long term delivery in
the treatment of posterior segment ocular diseases. PB copolymers are comprised of FDA
approved biodegradable polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), polycaprolactone
(PCL), polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA). PB copolymers of different
composition, molecular weights and block arrangements were synthesized by ring
opening bulk copolymerization method and analyzed by NMR, GPC FT-IR and XRD
analyses. Further, these PB copolymers have been utilized to develop the macromolecule
embedded thermosensitive gels or nanoparticles (NPs) or composite nanoformulation
(NPs suspended in gel) for a sustained drug delivery. PBG (PLA-PCL-PEG-PCL-PLA;
PBG-1 and PEG-PCL-PLA-PCL-PEG; PBG-2) gelling copolymers were evaluated for
their utility as injectable in situ hydrogel forming depot for controlled ocular delivery of
macromolecules (proteins, peptides and Fab fragments). A wide variety of
macromolecules (Octreotide, IgG-Fab, IgG-Fab‘ and IgG) with molecular weights
ranging from 1 - 150 kDa have been used for this purpose. The kinematic viscosity of the
copolymer solution was studied at different polymer concentration with different block
arrangment. It was observed that viscosity of hydrophobic polymer (PBG-1) was
considerably higher relative to PBG-2 copolymer. Sol-gel transition curves for PBG-1
and PBG-2 copolymer was compared to understand the effect of hydrophobicity and
effect of block arrangement on the sol-gel behavior of block copolymers. Sol-gel
transition and rheology revealed that PBG block arrangements were easy to handle at
room temperature and easy to administer through small gauge needle. Cell viability and
cytotoxicity studies confirmed that PBG copolymers are superior biomaterials for ocular
delivery. It was observed that the in vitro release pattern was depended on the molecular
weight of the macromolecules and amphiphilic nature of the PBG copolymers. It is
anticipated that much longer release can be obtained by altering block composition or
change in hydrophobicity and/or hydrophilicity of the gelling polymer. The in vitro
release pattern was in conjunction with the facts that amorphous and hydrophilic polymer
degrades fast. CD spectroscopy results revealed no changes in the secondary structure of
macromoelcules (studied for IgG as a model macromoelcule). The in vitro degradation
study for PBG-2 copolymer was performed under four different conditions; (i) in pH 7.4
PBS at 37°C, (ii) in presence of enzymes acetylcholinesterase (14.7 mU/mL) and
butyrylcholinesterase (5.9 mU/mL), (iii) in pH 9.0 borate buffer at 37°C and (iv) in pH
7.4 PBS at 40°C. The samples were analyzed by XRD and GPC to determine the weight
loss of the PBG-2 copolymer. It was observed that accelerated conditions such as pH 9.0
(37°C) and high temperature (40°C) exhibited weight loss of ~45% and ~40%,
respectively which were significantly higher than weight loss observed under normal
condition (pH - 7.4, 37°C) i.e., ~35%. No significant effect of enzymes was observed on
polymer degradation. Besides, in vivo assessment of PBG-2 copolymer provided a safe
environment and was well tolerated in the rabbit eyes analyzed up to 33 weeks.
Further, PB-NPs were formulated with different molecular weights of PB
copolymer (PCL-PLA-PEG-PLA-PCL) to study the release pattern of macromolecules
(lysozyme, IgG-Fab, ranibizumab and IgG). The macromolecules encapsulated in PB
NPs were prepared by W1/O/W2 double emulsion solvent evaporation method. The
macromolecules were optimized to achieve a high drug loading (~17%) and entrapment
efficiency (~66%) in the NPs. PB-NPs alone exhibited significant burst release in the first
few days however, the dual approach i.e., composite nanoformulations (macromolecules
encapsulated PB-NPs dispersed in thermosensitive gel) eliminated the burst release effect
and exhibited nearly zero-order protein release for significantly longer durations (~3-6
months). In order to compare the duration of in vitro release, PB copolymers with
different molecular weight have been studied. The enzymatic activity of lysozyme with
its respective enzymatic assays was used to investigate the activity of released
macromolecule. Anti-VEGF activity of ranibizumab released from composite
nanoformulation was analyzed by indirect ELISA. It was observed that macromolecules
maintained their structural integrity and bioactivity during the preparation of the
nanoformulation and also during the drug release process. The mean particle size
distribution of NPs in PBS was found in the range of ~150 nm and was consistent
throughout the study in different media analyzed up to 10 days. The results confirmed the
higher stability of NPs in different cell culture media. In vitro cell viability, cytotoxicity
and biocompatibility studies performed on various ocular cells, confirmed the safety of
PB copolymers for ocular applications.
PART II: DEXAMETHASONE NANOPARTICLE TO DEVELOP AN IN VITRO
MODEL FOR GLAUCOMA
The aim of the present study was to examine the elevation of myocillin (MYOC);
one of the extra cellular matrix related proteins whose expression is altered in presence of
long-term treatment of Glucocorticoids. In this study, dexamethasone (DEX) was
selected as model drug. The different strains of primary cultures of human trabecular
meshwork (HTM) cell line (HTM120, 136, 126, 134 and 141) were used to develop the
in vitro cell culture model of glaucoma. To obtain a long-term delivery of DEX,
pentablock (PB) copolymer was synthesize using the ring opening bulk copolymerization
method and characterized by NMR, GPC and XRD analyses. PB copolymer was used to
formulate the DEX encapsulated nanoparticles (NPs) with entrapment efficiency of ~63%
and drug loading of ~11% w/w. The mean particle size distribution of NPs was analyzed
by NTA in PBS was found in the range of ~109 nm. The biomaterial was further studied
for in vitro cytotoxicity and cell viability. Results showed that neither cell viability nor
cytotoxicity was affected up to 12 weeks of treatment. DEX-PB-NPs or control NPs
treatments were given to the HTM cells and cell culture supernatant was
collected/replaced with fresh 1% DMEM once/week for 12 weeks. DEX or vehicle was
used as controls to compare MYOC secretion levels by Western blot (WB). Four HTM
cell strains tested showed similar MYOC secretion patterns, having robust responses for
the entire monitoring period. In contrast, one cell strain responded only for a few weeks.
Quantitation of WB data from five HTM cell strains showed that MYOC increased by 5.2
± 1.3, 7.4 ± 4.3, and 2.8 ± 1.1 fold at 4, 8, and 12 weeks in the presence of DEX-PB-NPs
compared to 9.2 ± 3.8, 2.2 ± 0.5, and 1.5 ± 0.3 fold at 4, 8, and 12 weeks in control DEX
treatment group. Based on the decline in MYOC levels after withdrawal of DEX from
control wells, results indicate that DEX-PB-NPs released biologically active DEX for at
least 10 weeks. By comparison, MYOC levels in vehicle treated control wells remained
unchanged. Moreover, PB copolymers were biocompatible and didn‘t modifying the
cellular functions of HTM cells. Although the PB copolymers did not show any sign of
cytotoxicity to HTM cells in this long-term study, they did modify HTM cell
morphology. HTM cell elongation was present in all cell strains after both Con-NPs and
DEX-PB-NPs treatment. Morphological modification of HTM cells by the polymers may
accompany functional changes those were not measured in the present study, but needs
further investigations. Meanwhile, this study provides the evidence that our in vitro
system developed in this study is a valuable tool for analyzing the safety of the polymers
and biological effects of steroids released from the polymers. In addition, histological
observations in the C57BL/6 mice showed normal phenomenon in ocular tissue
morphology.Literature review -- Part I. Composite nanoformulation of macromolecules for back of the eye diseases ; Introduction -- Biodegradable and biocompatible thermosensitive gelling pentablock copolymers for long term ocular delivery of macromolecules -- Composite anoformulation for long term ocular delivery of macromolecules: effect of molecular weight on drug release -- Composite nanoformulation for long term ocular delivery of IgG-FAB and ranibizumab -- Summary and recommendations -- Part II. Dexamethasone nanoformulation to develop an in vitro model glaucoma -- Introduction -- Pentablock copolymer based dexamethasone nonoformulations elevate NYOC: in vitro liberation, activity and safety in human trabecular meshwork cells and in vivo histology -- Summary and future prospective -- Appendi
Novel Approaches for Overcoming Biological Barriers
The human body poses a spectrum of biological mechanisms operating at different levels that are important for its normal functioning and development [...
<p>Extracellular Vesicles As Nanomedicine: Hopes And Hurdles In Clinical Translation</p>
Simultaneous quantitative determination of zidovudine and nevirapine in human plasma using isocratic, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography
Purpose: To develop a sensitive and rapid reverse phase high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the measurement of
the levels of zidovudine (ZVD) and nevirapine (NVP) in human plasma.
Methods: Standard stock solutions for HPLC analysis were prepared by
dissolving ZVD and NVP in methanol. In the HPLC measurement, sample
detection was carried out at 246 nm using an ultraviolet (UV)-photo
diode array (PDA) detector. Plasma sample pretreatment consisted of
protein precipitation extraction with methanol. The compounds were
separated using a mobile phase consisting of a pH 3.0 solution
(obtained by adjusting the pH of water with orthophosphoric acid):
acetonitrile (73:27 v/v) on a Phenomenex LUNA C18, column (250×4.6
mm i.d., 5µm) at a flow rate of 0.9 mL min. The total run time for
the assay was 10.2 min-1 . The method was validated over the range of
300-9600 ng mL-1 and 200-6400 ng mL-1 for ZVD and NVP, respectively.
Results: The lowest limits of quantification (LLOQ) and of detection
(LOD) were 300 and 63 ng mL-1 for ZVD and 200 and 17 ng mLfor NVP,
respectively. The method was found to be accurate, with accuracy
ranging from -10.92 to +9.57 % and precise, with intra-day, inter-day
as well as analyst to analyst precision of 0.68 to 9.38 %. Extraction
recoveries of the drugs from plasma were 91.39, 95.01, 89.51 % for ZVD
and 90.93, 93.26, 92.13 % for NVP, for LQC (low quality control), MQC
(medium quality control) and HQC (high quality control) samples,
respectively. Stability data revealed that the drugs were stable in
plasma under various test conditions. Conclusion: This assay can be
suitably used for the determination of zidovudine (ZVD) and nevirapine
(NVP) in human plasma and should be useful in HIV clinical trials and
clinical therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) programs. It would also be
potentially useful in the determination of pharmacokinetic profiles and
in bioequivalence studies in HIV research
Composite Nanoformulation Therapeutics for Long-Term Ocular Delivery of Macromolecules
The
purpose of this investigation is to design and synthesize novel
pentablock (PB) copolymer (PB-1: PCL–PLA–PEG–PLA–PCL)
based nanoformulations suspended in a thermosensitive gelling copolymer
(PB-2: mPEG–PCL–PLA–PCL–PEGm) termed as
composite nanoformulation. The composite nanoformulation was prepared
to provide a sustained delivery of macromolecules over a longer duration
with negligible burst release effect. The delivery system was designed
to be utilized for the treatment of posterior segment ocular diseases
such as age-related (wet) macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy,
and diabetic macular edema. The novel PB copolymers were characterized
for their functional groups by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
molecular weight and purity by <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy, and
gel permeation chromatography. X-ray diffraction analysis was used
to determine the crystallinity of copolymers. The size distribution
of PB-1 nanoparticles (NPs) prepared using emulsification-solvent
evaporation method was found to be ∼150 nm analyzed by nanoparticle
tracking analysis. The % encapsulation efficiency and % drug loading
were found to be 66.64% w/w ± 1.75 and 18.17% w/w ± 0.39, respectively,
(<i>n</i> = 3). Different weight percentages (15 and 20
wt %) of the PB-2 copolymer have been utilized for <i>in vitro</i> release studies of IgG-Fab from composite nanoformulation. A negligible
burst release with continuous near zero-order release has been observed
from the composite nanoformulation analyzed up to 80 days. <i>In vitro</i> cell viability and biocompatibility studies performed
on ocular (human corneal epithelial and retinal pigment epithelium)
and mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines showed that the synthesized
PB copolymer based composite nanoformulations were safe for clinical
applications. On the basis of the results observed, it is concluded
that PB copolymer based composite nanoformulations can serve as a
platform for ocular delivery of therapeutic proteins. In addition,
the composite nanoformulation may provide minimal side effects associated
with frequent intravitreal injections
Optimization of novel pentablock copolymer based composite formulation for sustained delivery of peptide/protein in the treatment of ocular diseases
Nanoparticle-based topical ophthalmic formulation for sustained release of stereoisomeric dipeptide prodrugs of ganciclovir
How are we improving the delivery to back of the eye? Advances and challenges of novel therapeutic approaches
Topical Formulation of Self-Assembled Antiviral Prodrug Nanomicelles for Targeted Retinal Delivery
Topical drug administration for back
of the eye delivery is extremely
challenging due to the presence of protection mechanisms and physiological
barriers. Self-assembled polymeric nanomicelles have emerged as promising
vehicles for drug delivery. Apart from serving as an inert nanocarrier
for therapeutic agents, polymeric nanomicelles are known to bypass
mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) and efflux transporters thereby
improving drug bioavailability. In this investigation, a highly efficacious
biotinylated lipid prodrug of cyclic cidofovir (B–C12-cCDF)
was formulated within polymeric nanomicelles as a carrier for targeted
retinal delivery. Polymeric nanomicelles were prepared from polyoxyethylene
hydrogenated castor oil 40 (HCO-40) and octoxynol 40 (OC-40). In vitro
release studies revealed that B–C12-cCDF-loaded nanomicelles
released B–C12-cCDF at a faster rate in stimulated tear fluid
(STF) in comparison to PBST. MTT and LDH assays demonstrated negligible
cytotoxicity of B–C12-cCDF-loaded nanomicelles relative to
CDF and B–C12-cCDF in HRPE (human retinal pigment epithelial,
D407), HCE-T (human corneal epithelial), and CCL 20.2 (human conjunctival
epithelial) cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry
analyses indicated that B–C12-cCDF-loaded nanomicelles were
efficiently internalized into D407 and HCE-T cells in contrast to
CDF and B–C12-cCDF. Moreover, little B–C12-cCDF was
also observed in the nuclei after 24 h of incubation. Polymeric nanomicelles
carrying the transporter targeted prodrug did not produce any cytotoxic
effects and were internalized into the cells effectively. Permeability
experiments across HCE-T cells further confirmed significant transport
of prodrug loaded nanomicelles and their subsequent uptake into D407
cells. These findings indicate that HCO-40/OC-40 based polymeric nanomicelles
could become a promising topical delivery system for ocular administration
of antiviral agents