Efecto del nivel de proteína en el crecimiento de Goodea atripinnis (Pisces: Goodeidae)

Background. Goodea atripinnis is an omnivorous fish that is only found in the state of Aguascalientes. Its population is being drastically reduced and its survival is considered to be threatened. To avoid its extinction, ex situ breeding programs are being implemented. To implement these programs, however, it is necessary to have feeding plans that allow the nutritional needs of this species to be met. Goals. To evaluate the effects of different protein levels in the diet (25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 % PC) on the growth of G. atripinnis. Methods. A randomized complete-block design with five treatments (protein levels) and 3 aquariums per treatment was used, each aquarium containing 20 fish. The experiment lasted 150 days. Daily feed intake and changes in weight and length of each fish were recorded every 15 days. Results. We found differences in final weight and total weight gain (p <0.05) depended on protein levels. Both the growth rate and the total food intake increased with higher levels of protein. As a result, the feed conversion rate, protein efficiency, and Fulton (K) body condition factor improved. The Gompertz model showed that high protein levels increased standard weight and that the inflection point occurred at the same weight. Conclusions. With higher protein levels, the standard weight is reached at an earlier age, leading to greater development of the fish.  Antecedentes. Goodea atripinnis es un pez omnívoro que sólo se localiza en el estado de Aguascalientes y su población se encuentra en estatus de amenaza. Para evitar su extinción se están implementando programas de reproducción ex situ; sin embargo, para lograrlo es necesario contar con planes de alimentación que permitan satisfacer las necesidades nutricionales de la especie. Objetivos. Evaluar los efectos de 5 niveles de proteína (25, 30, 35, 40 y 45% PC) en la dieta, velocidad de crecimiento y parámetros productivos de G. atripinnis. Métodos. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con 5 tratamientos (niveles de proteína) y 3 acuarios por tratamiento, cada uno contenía 20 peces (peso medio: 0.47 ± 0.02 g). El experimento duró 150 días, durante los cuales se registraron el consumo de alimento diariamente y los cambios en peso y longitud de cada pez cada 15 días. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias en peso final y ganancia de peso total (p <0.05) entre los niveles de proteína. Tanto la tasa de crecimiento como la ingesta total de alimento aumentaron con el nivel alto de proteína. La tasa de conversión de alimento, la eficiencia proteínica y el factor de condición corporal de Fulton (K) mejoraron. El modelo de Gompertz mostró que los altos niveles de proteína aumentaron el peso estándar y que el punto de inflexión se produce en el mismo peso. Conclusiones. Con los niveles altos de proteína el peso estándar se alcanza a una edad más temprana y permite un mayor desarrollo de los peces

Production and marginal analysis of dairy cows fed sorghum silage diets with urea levels

The objective of this study was to evaluate productive, nutritional and economic traits of dairy cows fed sorghum silage diets with urea levels. Five ¾ Holstein × ¼ Gir lactating dairy cows in the middle third of lactation, at an average age of 60 months and average body weight of 518 kg ± 52 kg, were allocated to five treatments in a 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design. Treatments (U-50, U-75, U-100, U-125 and U-150) consisted of different urea levels in the concentrate (5.7, 8.6, 11.4, 14.3 and 17.1 g urea/kg concentrate, respectively). The significance level of 0.5 was adopted. Urea levels did not influence the feed intake, digestibility, or metabolic parameters of dairy cows. No significant differences were observed for 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield. Milk composition was not significantly affected. Gross revenue from the sale of milk was not significantly affected, averaging BRL 28.65. Marginal rate of return did not differ significantly. The different urea levels did not influence the dairy cows’ milk yield. In conclusion, urea can be included in the concentrate of sorghum silage diets for dairy cows at the levels of 5.7 to 17.1 g/kg of concentrate without compromising production performance.Objetivou-se avaliar as características produtivas, nutricionais e econômicas de vacas de leite submetidas a níveis de ureia com dietas à base de silagem de sorgo. Foram utilizadas 05 vacas lactantes ¾ Holandês x ¼ Gir Leiteiro, no terço médio de lactação, com idade média de 60 meses e peso corporal médio de 518 kg ± 52 kg, que foram distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, em delineamento experimental de quadrado latino 5x5. Os tratamentos (U-50, U-75, U-100, U-125 e U-150) foram constituídos de diferentes níveis de ureia no concentrado (5,7; 8,6; 11,4; 14,3 e 17,1 g de ureia/kg de MS do concentrado, respectivamente). Adotou-se como nível de significância 0,05. Não houve efeito dos níveis de ureia no consumo alimentar, digestibilidade e parâmetros metabólicos de vacas de leite. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura. A composição do leite não sofreu efeitos significativos. O custo total com volumoso, concentrado e alimentação não sofreu efeitos significativos. A receita bruta com a venda de leite não sofreu efeito significativo, apresentando média de BRL 28,65. A taxa de retorno marginal não apresentou diferenças significativas. Os diferentes níveis de ureia não afetaram a produção de vacas de leite. Conclui-se que na dieta de vacas de leite à base de silagem de sorgo pode-se realizar a inclusão de ureia no concentrado com níveis de 5,7 a 17,1 g/kg do concentrado, sem redução do desempenho produtivo dos animais

Efecto de una fitasa en la digestibilidad y actividad de tripsina y quimiotriposina en cerdos destetados

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of addition of fungal phytase (Aspergillus niger) in activity of trypsin and chymotripsin and nutrient digestibility in crossed pigs (Yorkshire x Landrace, 11.46 kg BW). In both experiments it was used a basal diet elaborated with sorghum and soybean meal, the treatments (T) were the following: T1, basal diet, and T2, basal plus 500 units of phytase activity (FTU) per kg In the exp. 1 six cannulated pigs in the pancreatic duct were used, which were adapted to the diets during 5 days before sample collection. The collection of pancreatic juice was done at 15 min interval from 08:00 to 20:00. The feed was offered twice per day. In the exp. 2, twenty pigs were fed with similar diets than exp. 1. The phytase did not show effects in the weight and the length of the pancreas, or either in the activity of the trypsin and chymotripsin. The addition of phytase increased the digestibility of protein (p<0.10) from 78.81 to 81.60% and NDF (p<0.11) from 81.87 to 85.54%. No differences were observed in digestibility of Ca, P and Fe. The digestibility of Mg and Zn were also not affected by phytase. In conclusion, these results indicate that the addition of fungal phytase to pig diets did not affect trypsin and chymotrypsin activity neither total mineral digestibility in gastrointestinal tract.Se realizaron dos experimentos para evaluar el efecto de la adición de fitasa fungal (Aspergillus niger) en la actividad de tripsina y quimotripsina y digestibilidad de nutrientes en cerdos cruzados (Yorkshire x Landrace, 11,5 kg peso vivo). En ambos experimentos se empleó una dieta base formulada con sorgo y pasta de soya; los tratamientos (T) fueron los siguientes: T1, dieta base, y T2, base adicionada con 500 unidades de actividad fitásica (FTU) por kg de alimento. En el exp. 1 se utilizaron seis cerdos canulados en conducto pancreático, los cuales fueron adaptados a las dietas durante 5 d, previo a la colecta de muestras. La colección de jugo pancreático se hizo a intervalos de 15 min, de 08:00 a 20:00 h, durante 5 d. El alimento se ofreció dos veces al día (08:00 y 20:00 h). En el exp. 2 se utilizaron 20 cerdos alimentados con dietas similares del exp. 1 para estimar la digestibilidad total aparente de MS, MO, FDN, P, Ca, Mg, Zn y Fe. La fitasa no tuvo efectos en el peso y la longitud del páncreas, ni tampoco en la actividad de la tripsina y de la quimotripsina. La adición de fitasa incrementó la digestibilidad de la proteína (p<0,10) de 78,81 a 81,60% y la de la FDN (p<0,11) de 81,87 a 85,54%. No se observaron diferencias en la digestibilidad del Ca, P y Fe. La digestibilidad de Mg y Zn tampoco se afectó por la adición de fitasa. En conclusión, estos resultados indican que la adición de fitasa fungal a dietas para cerdos no afecta la actividad de tripsina y quimotripsina ni la digestibilidad en tubo digestivo total de minerales en cerdos

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Background: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83–7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97–2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14–1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25–1.30]). Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Background: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83-7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97-2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14-1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25-1.30]). Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable

Characteristics and outcomes of an international cohort of 600 000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Background: We describe demographic features, treatments and clinical outcomes in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 cohort, one of the world's largest international, standardized data sets concerning hospitalized patients. Methods: The data set analysed includes COVID-19 patients hospitalized between January 2020 and January 2022 in 52 countries. We investigated how symptoms on admission, co-morbidities, risk factors and treatments varied by age, sex and other characteristics. We used Cox regression models to investigate associations between demographics, symptoms, co-morbidities and other factors with risk of death, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Results: Data were available for 689 572 patients with laboratory-confirmed (91.1%) or clinically diagnosed (8.9%) SARS-CoV-2 infection from 52 countries. Age [adjusted hazard ratio per 10 years 1.49 (95% CI 1.48, 1.49)] and male sex [1.23 (1.21, 1.24)] were associated with a higher risk of death. Rates of admission to an ICU and use of IMV increased with age up to age 60&nbsp;years then dropped. Symptoms, co-morbidities and treatments varied by age and had varied associations with clinical outcomes. The case-fatality ratio varied by country partly due to differences in the clinical characteristics of recruited patients and was on average 21.5%. Conclusions: Age was the strongest determinant of risk of death, with a ∼30-fold difference between the oldest and youngest groups; each of the co-morbidities included was associated with up to an almost 2-fold increase in risk. Smoking and obesity were also associated with a higher risk of death.&nbsp;The size of our international database and the standardized data collection method make this study a comprehensive international description of COVID-19 clinical features. Our findings may inform strategies that involve prioritization of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who have a higher risk of death

ISARIC-COVID-19 dataset: A Prospective, Standardized, Global Dataset of Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19

The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 dataset is one of the largest international databases of prospectively collected clinical data on people hospitalized with COVID-19. This dataset was compiled during the COVID-19 pandemic by a network of hospitals that collect data using the ISARIC-World Health Organization Clinical Characterization Protocol and data tools. The database includes data from more than 705,000 patients, collected in more than 60 countries and 1,500 centres worldwide. Patient data are available from acute hospital admissions with COVID-19 and outpatient follow-ups. The data include signs and symptoms, pre-existing comorbidities, vital signs, chronic and acute treatments, complications, dates of hospitalization and discharge, mortality, viral strains, vaccination status, and other data. Here, we present the dataset characteristics, explain its architecture and how to gain access, and provide tools to facilitate its use