Сучасні глобальні процеси у світовій економіці та їх вплив на економічну безпеку держави

Мета роботи. Визначення особливостей формування системи економічної безпеки держави, взагалі, та України, зокрема, в сучасних умовах глобального розвитку світового господарства

The geological and paleohydrological impact on the groundwater composition in the Netherlands

The quality of groundwater is vital for both its natural function and anthropogenic use. Surpri¬singly, the geological and paleohydrological control on groundwater composition has received little attention where the petrological composition of the sedimentary deposits forms a major factor on groundwater composition..

The changing global distribution and prevalence of canine transmissible venereal tumour.

BACKGROUND: The canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a contagious cancer that is naturally transmitted between dogs by the allogeneic transfer of living cancer cells during coitus. CTVT first arose several thousand years ago and has been reported in dog populations worldwide; however, its precise distribution patterns and prevalence remain unclear. RESULTS: We analysed historical literature and obtained CTVT prevalence information from 645 veterinarians and animal health workers in 109 countries in order to estimate CTVT's former and current global distribution and prevalence. This analysis confirmed that CTVT is endemic in at least 90 countries worldwide across all inhabited continents. CTVT is estimated to be present at a prevalence of one percent or more in dogs in at least 13 countries in South and Central America as well as in at least 11 countries in Africa and 8 countries in Asia. In the United States and Australia, CTVT was reported to be endemic only in remote indigenous communities. Comparison of current and historical reports of CTVT indicated that its prevalence has declined in Northern Europe, possibly due to changes in dog control laws during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Analysis of factors influencing CTVT prevalence showed that presence of free-roaming dogs was associated with increased CTVT prevalence, while dog spaying and neutering were associated with reduced CTVT prevalence. Our analysis indicated no gender bias for CTVT and we found no evidence that animals with CTVT frequently harbour concurrent infectious diseases. Vincristine was widely reported to be the most effective therapy for CTVT. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a survey of the current global distribution of CTVT, confirming that CTVT is endemic in at least 90 countries worldwide. Additionally, our analysis highlights factors that continue to modify CTVT's prevalence around the world and implicates free-roaming dogs as a reservoir for the disease. Our analysis also documents the disappearance of the disease from the United Kingdom during the twentieth century, which appears to have been an unintentional result of the introduction of dog control policies.This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final version of this article has been published by BioMed Central: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/10/168

Ecosystem services of the groundwater and subsurface

De mens maakt steeds meer gebruik van de 'diensten' die het grondwater en de ondergrond (onder het maaiveld) leveren. Voorbeelden van deze zogeheten ecosysteemdiensten zijn de beschikbaarheid van water voor drinkwaterproductie, de opslag van energie en het reinigend vermogen van de ondergrond. De kennis van deze ecosysteemdiensten is belangrijk voor publieke en private partijen om de waarde van het grondwater en de ondergrond beter te bepalen, wat eraan kan bijdragen dat afwegingen over maatregelen en inrichting van gebieden beter kunnen worden gemaakt. In 2013 is een concept opgesteld voor een afwegingskader voor het gebruik van het grondwater en de ondergrond. Er is een inventarisatie en beschrijving gemaakt van activiteiten en van ecosysteemdiensten van het grondwater en de ondergrond. Voor het eerst is weergegeven hoe activiteiten van de mens en ecosysteemdiensten van het grondwater en de ondergrond elkaar beïnvloeden. In dit vervolg zijn de ecosysteemdiensten van grondwater en ondergrond uitgebreider gedefinieerd en uitgewerkt; kwalitatief en zo mogelijk kwantitatief. Er is duidelijk gemaakt welke voorwaarden een ecosysteem stelt om duurzaam een ecosysteemdienst te kunnen leveren, hoe de ecosysteemdienst wordt beïnvloed, maar ook welke beleidsopgaven er mogelijk volgen uit die voorwaarden. Er zijn elf ecosysteemdiensten. Ze zijn onverdeeld in productie-, regulerende en culturele diensten. De twee productiediensten zijn beschikbaarheid van voldoende water van een bepaalde kwaliteit en energie. De zeven regulerende diensten zijn: reinigend vermogen van de ondergrond, draagkracht, bergingscapaciteit, de rol van de ondergrond en grondwater in biochemische cycli, temperatuurregulatie, voorzien in watervoerendheid en waterkwaliteit oppervlaktewater, en voeding van grondwaterafhankelijke natuur. De twee culturele diensten betreffen belevings- en cultuurhistorische waarden, en de biodiversiteit.The use of the services of groundwater and the subsurface is steadily increasing. Examples of these ecosystem services are the availability of water for the production of drinking water, energy storage and the attenuation capacity of the subsurface. The knowledge of these ecosystem services is important for the public, the private sector and society to better estimate the value of the groundwater and the subsurface. It contributes to better informed decision making with respect to measures and spatial planning. In 2013 a conceptual framework was defined for the assessment of the sustainable use of groundwater and the subsurface. An inventory and descriptions were made of different types of use of the groundwater and subsurface. For the first time it is described how anthropogenic activities influences the ecosystem services delivered by the groundwater and the subsurface, and vice versa. With this follow up study the ecosystem services of the groundwater and the subsurface are described in more detail, both qualitatively and when possible in a quantitative way. We described conditions which an ecosystem requires to sustainably deliver its service, and how this ecosystem service is influenced, but also which policy challenges may result from this. Eleven ecosystem services were described, consisting of provisioning services, regulating services and cultural services. The provisioning services include the availability of sufficient water with specific quality and energetic content. The seven regulating services include: attenuation and purification capacity of the subsurface, bearing capacity of the soil and subsurface, storage capacity, bio-geochemical cycles , temperature regulation, providing surface water baseflow and surface water quality, upward seepage to groundwater dependent nature reserves. The two cultural services include cultural-historical values and the biodiversity.Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milie

Geochemical and palaeohydrological controls on the composition of shallow groundwater in the Netherlands

With the exception of the south of the country, the Netherlands has a strong bipartite hydrogeology: the Holocene part with a coastal dune belt and confining top layer of clay and peat further inland, and the Pleistocene, where thick phreatic aquifers dominate. This research aimed to ascertain the geochemical and palaeohydrological controls on the composition of shallow groundwater in 27 regions. Close to 6000 groundwater analyses were grouped and interpreted in terms of 1. salinity, 2. redox status, 3. acid/base and carbonate status and 4. natural nutrients NH4 and PO4. The a priori classification into geographical regions and geological formations revealed many statistically significant differences in medians, even for geologically or geographically related data groups. The compound-specific interpretation indicates that there are geogenically controlled, systematic differences in groundwater composition at the regional scale. The imprint of the geological sediments on the groundwater composition decreases in the order marine/estuarine via limnological, fluvial to aeolian. The imprints with respect to pH and carbonate status, natural nutrients and redox status are not necessarily interrelated. The vertical stratification in groundwater composition turns out to be often limited at the regional scale due to mutual occurrence of infiltrating and exfiltrating groundwater in regions and either the presence of a highly reactive Holocene, confining top layer or temporal changes in contamination. In the Holocene part, the salinity is controlled by the palaeoenvironmental conditions during the Holocene and by the recharge origin: the average Cl concentration decreases from estuarine via lagoonal to the former Zuider Sea (which was a bay). The most reduced states and also the highest nutrient concentrations and highest CO2 pressure are related to the presence of Holocene marine sediments in the confining top layer. Degradation of marinederived organic matter as a nutrient source, is likely more intense in the Holocene deposits than that of peat and sedimentary remnants of terrestrial plants. A broad range in pH, carbonate status and redox status is encountered in the Pleistocene part. Here, the palaeohydrological evolution in terms of carbonate leaching together with the geological controls on the calcareous nature of the shallow sedimentary deposits cause regional differences in pH, calcite saturation and silicate weathering. One region with Late Pleistocene limnological deposits has deviating groundwater characteristics and appears more similar to the Holocene part of the Netherlands. Furthermore, reactive Fe is not abundant in all Pleistocene fluvial sediments nor is it maximally mobilised, as not all anoxic groundwater in these sediments is siderite-saturated. This leads to considerable intra- and inter-region variability

Statistical characterisation and stochastic parameterisation of sedimentary geological formations for sustainable groundwater quality management

The fate of contaminants in groundwater aquifers is determined by the buffering capacity of those aquifers together with the composition of inflowing groundwater. A nationwide characterisation of the environmental geochemistry of the shallow subsurface (down to 30 m below surface) has been started in the Netherlands. This covers: 1. the reaction capacity of sediments as buffer for contamination, and 2. typical elemental composition of geological formations and the association between trace elements and major minerals..