Julio Mafud: el sociólogo del sentido común de la argentinidad

Los argentinos nos preguntamos en reiteradas oportunidades cómo somos y es en esos momentos en que empiezan a aparecer un sinfín de palabras, frases hechas y enunciados, en definitiva, discursos que nos definen y, en cierta manera, establecen una verdad que circula en nuestra sociedad a la que llamo lógica de la argentinidad. La pregunta es ¿cómo esos discursos comienzan a circular y se hacen visibles hasta establecerse como sentido común? Una aproximación a una posible respuesta es el interés que me ha llevado a analizar el libro Psicología de la viveza criolla del sociólogo argentino Julio Mafud (Mafud, Psicología de la viveza criolla, 1965), como uno de los discursos que fueron construyendo esa lógica que se transforma en sentido común a partir de ciertos modos de problematización de la argentinidad y se estructura como un régimen de verdad que define quién es argentino, qué es ser argentino, cómo es ser argentino y cómo se puede llegar a serlo y por supuesto todos sus contrarios. ¿Por qué rescatar a Julio Mafud al que podríamos definir como un sociólogo maldito para la academia y del cual hoy nadie habla? Porque aunque nadie hable de él muchas de las afirmaciones que hacemos los argentinos para definirnos, sin saberlo, refieren a las verdades que estableció en este libro y que durante gran parte del siglo XX y por qué no hasta nuestros días forman parte del régimen de visibilidad a la hora de caracterizar como somos los argentinos. El barrido que haremos será un registro discursivo de las afirmaciones que estableció Mafud y que pasaron a formar parte del sentido común en la Argentina a la hora de establecer juicios valorativos respecto de cómo somos los argentinos.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Sociología de las tecnologías digitales e internet

Colmar la brecha, inclusión digital y democratización forman parte de una nueva forma de discursividad que hemos empezado a escuchar y leer luego que los países miembros de la UIT (Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones, dependiente de la ONU) firmaran en 2005 los planes de acción elaborados durante la Cumbre Mundial de la Sociedad de la Información (CMSI) en Túnez. Lo que he dado en llamar discursividad digital, luego comprobé que se extiende en nuestra cotidianeidad y construye una forma diferente de aproximación a las producciones sociales relacionadas con lo digital, el discurso web 2.0 y su circulación por internet. Como todo discurso se entrelaza en un juego de relaciones de poder que empiezan a luchar en un mismo campo tratando de establecer un régimen de veridicción. Cuestionar y repensar los discursos de la modernidad sobre las categorías de arte, cultura, derechos de autor, propiedad intelectual ha comenzado a producir una discursividad digital que hace aparecer nuevas formas y contenidos discursivos para construir verdades sobre las producciones sociales digitales y hacerlas inteligibles y un aggiornamiento discursivo que llevará a hacer aceptables las condiciones de esta reconversión del modo de producción capitalista.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Purpura Fulminans and Septic Shock due to Capnocytophaga Canimorsus after Dog Bite: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Primary infection by Capnocytophaga canimorsus after dog bite is rare but may be difficult to identify and rapidly lethal. We describe a case of fatal septic shock with fulminant purpura occurred in a patient without specific risk factor two days after an irrelevant dog bite. The patient was brought to hospital because of altered mental status, fever, and abdominal pain. In a few hours patient became hypoxic and cyanotic. The patient became extremely hypotensive with shock refractory to an aggressive fluid resuscitation (40\u2009ml/kg crystalloids). She received vasoactive drugs, antibiotic therapy, and blood purification treatment, but cardiac arrest unresponsive to resuscitation maneuvers occurred. Case description and literature review demonstrated that, also in patients without specific risk factors, signs of infection after dog bite should be never underestimated and should be treated with a prompt antibiotic therapy initiation even before occurrence of organ dysfunction

Granulicatella adiacens and Abiotrophia defectiva Native Vertebral Osteomyelitis: Three Cases and Literature Review of Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Approach

Granulicatella adiacens and Abiotrophia defectiva are an increasingly recognized cause of osteoarticular infections. We describe two cases of G. adiacens and one case of A. defectiva native vertebral osteomyelitis (NVO) and review all published cases. Nine cases of G. adiacens NVO and two cases of A. defectiva NVO were previously described. Patients were usually middle-aged men, and classical risk factors for NVO were present in half of the cases. Concomitant bacteremia was reported in 78.6% of cases, and concurrent infective endocarditis occurred in 36.4% of this sub-group of patients. Many different antibiotic schemes were recorded, with median treatment duration of 6weeks. In the most recent reports, glycopeptides represented the most frequent empirical therapy, possibly due to the increasing emergence of G. adiacens and A. defectiva penicillin-resistant strains. Stabilization surgery was rarely required (14.3% of cases), and clinical cure was generally achieved. In conclusion, Granulicatella spp. and Abiotrophia spp. NVO is rare but increasingly described. A total antibiotic course of six weeks seems to be appropriate for noncomplicated cases, and clinical outcome is generally favorable

Group B Streptococcal Colonization in 160 Mother-Baby Pairs: A Prospective Cohort Study

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The impact of introducing tyrosine kinase inhibitors on chronic myeloid leukemia survival: a population-based study

Background Chronic myeloid leukemia is associated with a BCR/ABL oncoprotein inhibited by imatinib mesylate, the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Although experimental studies have clearly demonstrated the efficacy of imatinib, up-to-date data on its effectiveness at the population level are limited. Our study aims to assess the change in disease-specific survival for chronic myeloid leukemia after introducing tyrosine kinase inhibitors in first-line treatment. Methods This study analyzed data from two population-based cancer registries in Italy. Disease-specific survival for chronic myeloid leukemia cases diagnosed before and after the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (February 2002) were calculated up to 10 years. Hazard ratios were calculated using Cox regression models adjusted for sex, age at diagnosis and residency. An interrupted time series analysis was also performed. Results Between 1996 and 2012, 357 new cases of chronic myeloid leukemia were diagnosed (standardized incidence rate of 1.2 per 100,000 residents), quite constant throughout the period. The interrupted time series analysis showed a gain of 40.4% in 5 years of disease-specific survival for chronic myeloid leukemia (from 47.3, 95%CI 38.5\u201355.5% to 80.8%, 95%CI 74.5\u201385.8%) after the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The hazard ratio was 0.36 (95%CI 0.25\u20130.52) for cases diagnosed after tyrosine kinase inhibitor introduction, with differences per age at diagnosis: 74yo 0.41 (95%CI 0.23\u20130.73). An improvement in survival (hazard ratio 0.66, 95%CI 0.36\u20131.20) was also observed in cases diagnosed before, and alive at, tyrosine kinase inhibitors introduction. Conclusions Tyrosine kinase inhibitors increased disease-specific survival both for new and prevalent chronic myeloid leukemia cases. The effectiveness was similar to that observed in trials only in patients ages 65 years or younger

Impact of Pre-Analytical Time on the Recovery of Pathogens from Blood Cultures: Results from a Large Retrospective Survey

Prompt identification of bloodstream pathogens is essential for optimal management of patients. Significant changes in analytical methods have improved the turnaround time for laboratory diagnosis. Less attention has been paid to the time elapsing from blood collection to incubation and to its potential effect on recovery of pathogens. We evaluated the performance of blood cultures collected under typical hospital conditions in relation to the length of their pre-analytical time. We carried out a large retrospective study including 50,955 blood cultures collected, over a 30-month period, from 7,035 adult septic patients. Cultures were accepted by the laboratory only during opening time (Mon-Fri: 8am\ub14pm; Sat: 8am\ub12pm). Samples collected outside laboratory hours were stored at room temperature at clinical wards. All cultures were processed by automated culture systems. Day and time of blood collection and of culture incubation were known for all samples. A maximum pre-analytical interval of 2 hours is recommended by guidelines. When the laboratory was open, 57% of cultures were processed within 2 h. When the laboratory was closed, 4.9% of cultures were processed within 2 h (P<0.001). Samples collected when the laboratory was closed showed pre-analytical times significantly longer than those collected when laboratory was open (median time: 13 h and 1 h, respectively, P<0.001). The prevalence of positive cultures was significantly lower for samples collected when the laboratory was closed compared to open (11% vs 13%, P<0.001). The probability of a positive result decreased of 16% when the laboratory was closed (OR:0.84; 95%CI:0.80\ub10.89, P<0.001). Further, each hour elapsed from blood collection to incubation resulted associated with a decrease of 0.3% (OR:0.997; 95%CI:0.994\ub10.999, P<0.001) in the probability of a positive result. Delayed insertions of cultures into automated systems was associated with lower detection rates, with potentially important consequences for patients. In each hospital setting the logistic factors able to shorten pre-analytical time should be carefully investigated and specifically targeted

Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit: two long-term multiclone outbreaks in a 10-year observational study

We investigated two consecutive Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) outbreaks which occurred in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary level hospital in North Italy in a period of 10 years (January 2003-December 2012). Risk factors associated with S. marcescens acquisition were evaluated by a retrospective case-control study. A total of 21,011 clinical samples was examined: S. marcescens occurred in 127 neonates: 43 developed infection and 3 died. Seven clusters were recorded due to 12 unrelated clones which persisted for years in the ward, although no environmental source was found. The main epidemic clone A sustaining the first cluster in 2003 reappeared in 2010 as an extended spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strain and supporting the second epidemic. Birth weight, gestational age, use of invasive devices and length of stay in the ward were significantly related to S. marcescens acquisition. The opening of a new ward for non-intensive care-requiring neonates, strict adherence to alcoholic hand disinfection, the timely identification and isolation of infected and colonized neonates assisted in containing the epidemics. Genotyping was effective in tracing the evolution and dynamics of the clones demonstrating their long-term persistence in the ward

Human echolocation: An extensive review of the literature - First part

La ecolocación humana es una habilidad genuina, inexplorada y vinculada con la localización de sonidos reflejados, que resulta crucial en la movilidad independiente de la persona ciega. Se inscribe en el área poco estudiada de la audición cotidiana de sonidos no verbales e implica autoproducir sonidos para obtener información (reflexiones) a fin de localizar y reconocer objetos que no se ven. Se presenta una revisión histórica de estudios realizados sobre la temática, que refleja cambios paradigmáticos del devenir científico. Las conceptualizaciones históricas de la ecolocación resultan ejemplificadoras: al comienzo se la consideraba como un fenómeno paranormal mientras que en la actualidad, se la trata como una habilidad utilizada inconscientemente por la mayoría de las personas. En esta primera parte se exponen aspectos teóricos relevantes y los estudios realizados en dos de los tres períodos en que se ha divididoesta revisión histórica. El tercer período se presenta en la segunda parte de este artículo.Echolocation is a genuinely human though greatly unexploited ability that is closely related to the localization of reflected sounds. It is part of the scarcely studied and promising field of the percept-cognitive processes involved in everyday audition of non-verbal sounds. It implies self-producing sounds (original or direct signal) with the specific purpose of obtaining auditory information (reflected signal) to detect, locate and recognize unseen objects. This ability turns out to be crucial to the blind person's independent mobility, an aspect that is severely affected by blindness. We present an historical revision of the main studies that have been carried out on this particular phenomenon, describing the paradigm changes that occurred in scientific history. The historical conceptualizations of echolocation are specially revealing: while it was initially considered a paranormal phenomenon, a kind of sixth sense, now it is treated as an ability that could be unconsciously used by most of us. In this first part of this paper we present relevant theoretical aspects and the studies carried out during two of the three periods this historical revision has been divided in: (a) First approaches (1700 - 1935) and (b) Scientific study of human echolocation (decades from 40s to 80s). The third period, named recent studies, is developed in the second part of this article.Fil: Arias, Claudia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Acústica. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Acústica; ArgentinaFil: Hug, Mercedes Ximena. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Acústica. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Acústica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; ArgentinaFil: Bermejo, Fernando Raul. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Acústica. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Acústica; ArgentinaFil: Venturelli, Alfonso Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Humanidades. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Humanidades; ArgentinaFil: Rabinovich, Diana Luz. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Centro de Investigaciones María Saleme Burnichón; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin