The scientific Thoughts of Kalameka Pulavar in Solo Songs

It is the literature composed during the Sangam period that still stands as the lifeblood of Tamil literature. It would not be an exaggeration to say that they are the mother and forerunner of contemporary literature. Thus, the collection of solo songs has an important place in Tamil literature. It highlights the lives and ethics of the people. The songs of Kalameka Pulavar are praiseworthy. The contribution of science to today's medicine is immense. With the development of science, new drugs have been discovered in medicine and a permanent solution has been found for various terminal diseases. Nevertheless, today's scientific medicine has also endorsed the system of medicine found in the Sangam literature and has made its continuous use among the people. It is used in today's medicine as a natural medicine for various skin diseases. This is what Kalamekar, the scholar of the Sangam age, also teaches through his song. The purpose of this article is to highlight the scientific thoughts and medical references found in the poems of Kalameka Pulavar

2,9-Dimethyl-7-phenyl-N-(4-methyl­phen­yl)dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naphthyridin-6-amine

The title compound, C31H25N3, was synthesized from 6,4′,4′′-trimethyl-2,4-bis­(N-phenyl­amino)­quinoline and is the first structural example containing a phenyl and phenyl­amino fragment attached to a fused dibenzo[1,6]naphthyridine moiety. The fused tetra­cyclic ring system is essentially planar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.08 (3) Å]. The phenyl ring and the phenyl­amino group are inclined by 82.68 (6) and 35.31 (5)°, respectively, to the mean plane of the fused tetra­cyclic ring system. A weak intra­molecular N—H⋯π(arene) inter­action may in part influence the conformation of the mol­ecule. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into centrosymmetric dimers. Additional stabilization is provided by weak C—H⋯π and π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.834 (2) and 3.898 (1) Å]

7-(2-Chloro­phen­yl)-2,6,9-trimethyl­dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naphthyridine

In the title compound, C25H19ClN2, the dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naphthyridine system is planar to within 0.16 (2) Å, and the chloro­phenyl ring is inclined to it by 82.53 (7)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating in [100]. There are also a number of weak π–π stacking inter­actions present [centroid–centroid distances = 3.8531 (1) and 3.7631 (1) Å]

4-Chloro-2,5-dimethyl­quinoline

Mol­ecules of the title compound, C11H10ClN, are essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation for all non-H atoms = 0.009 Å) and are stacked along the a axis with the centroids of the benzene and pyridine rings alternately separated by 3.649 (1) and 3.778 (1) Å

2-Chloro-7-methyl-12-phenyldibenzo[b,g][1,8]naphthyridin-11(6H)-one

In the title compound, C23H15ClN2O, the fused ring system is planar: the deviation of all the non-H atoms from the plane through all four fused rings is less than 0.31 Å. The plane of the phenyl ring is inclined at 71.78 (5)° to the mean plane of the 1,8-naphthrydine ring system. The crystal structure is devoid of any classical hydrogen bonds but π–π inter­actions are present

(1R*,3′S*,4′R*)-4′-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-3′-[(4-hy­droxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro­quinolin-3-yl)carbon­yl]-1′-methyl­spiro­[ace­naphthyl­ene-1,2′-pyrrolidin]-2-one

The title compound, C32H23ClN2O4, has a quinoline, a chloro­phenyl and an acenaphthalene ring system attached to a central pyrrolidine ring, which has three stereogenic centers. Nevertheless, the compound crystallizes as a racemate with two mol­ecules of identical chirality in the asymmetric unit. They differ in the conformation of the five-membered pyrrolidine ring; in one molecule it has an envelope conformation, while in the other molecule it has a twisted conformation. In each molecule there is an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond making an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds produce inversion dimers with R 2 2(8) motifs. There are also C—H⋯O interactions present. The crystal structure contains voids (60 Å3) within which there is no evidence of solvent mol­ecules

Ecopath modelling approach for the impact assessment of a small-scale coastal aquaculture system in Goa, India

In this study, the ecological impacts of introduction of cage aquaculture employing small cages integrating shellfish and finfish in coastal water bodies of Goa, situated in the west coast of India were analysed using Ecopath with Ecosim model. A multispecies cage aquaculture system incorporating Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Etroplus suratensis and Perna viridis was established in an estuarine ecosyste

Effectiveness of symptom screening and incidence of tuberculosis among adults and children living with HIV infection in India.

BACKGROUND WHO recommends the use of a simplified symptom-based algorithm for screening for tuberculosis (TB) among people living with HIV (PLHIV). We assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of this algorithm and determined the prevalence and incidence of TB among PLHIV attending antiretroviral treatment (ART) centres in India. METHODS We did a prospective multicentric implementation research study in four states of India. To rule out TB, we administered the WHO symptom-screen algorithm to all PLHIV every month for 6 months. If they were found to be symptomatic any time during this period, they were referred for investigations for TB. A case of TB diagnosed during the first month of screening was taken as a prevalent case while those detected TB in the subsequent 5 months were considered cases of incident TB. We calculated the incidence rate using the person-years method. Results . Between May 2012 and October 2013, a total of 6099 adults and 1662 children living with HIV were screened for TB at the ART centres of four states. Of the 6099 adult PLHIV, 1815 (30%) had at least one symptom suggestive of TB, of whom only 634 (35%) were referred for investigations of TB. Of those referred, 97 (15%) PLHIV were diagnosed with TB. Overall, the prevalence of undiagnosed TB was 0.84 person-years and in the subsequent period, the incidence of TB was 2.4/100 person-years (95% CI 1.90-3.10). Among 1662 children, 434 (26%) had at least one symptom suggestive of TB. But only 57 (13%) children were referred for investigations of TB and 13 (23%) of them were diagnosed with TB. The prevalence of TB among children was 0.5% and its incidence among them was 2.7/100 person-years (95% CI 1.60-4.30). CONCLUSION Prevalence and incidence of TB is high among PLHIV attending ART centres. This emphasizes the need to strengthen regular screening for symptoms of TB and further referral of those symptomatic for diagnosis of TB

Effectiveness of isoniazid preventive therapy on incidence of tuberculosis among HIV-infected adults in programme setting

Background & objectives: As India and other developing countries are scaling up isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for people living with HIV (PLHIV) in their national programmes, we studied the feasibility and performance of IPT in terms of treatment adherence, outcome and post-treatment effect when given under programmatic settings. Methods: A multicentre, prospective pilot study was initiated among adults living with HIV on isoniazid 300 mg with pyridoxine 50 mg after ruling out active tuberculosis (TB). Symptom review and counselling were done monthly during IPT and for six-month post-IPT. The TB incidence rate was calculated and risk factors were identified. Results: Among 4528 adults living with HIV who initiated IPT, 4015 (89%) successfully completed IPT. IPT was terminated in 121 adults (3%) due to grade 2 or above adverse events. Twenty five PLHIVs developed TB while on IPT. The incidence of TB while on IPT was 1.17/100 person-years (p-y) [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-1.73] as compared to TB incidence of 2.42/100 p-y (95% CI 1.90-3.10) during the pre-IPT period at these centres (P=0.017). The incidence of TB post-IPT was 0.64/100 p-y (95% CI 0.04-1.12). No single factor was significantly associated with the development of TB. Interpretation & conclusions: Under programmatic settings, completion of IPT treatment was high, adverse events minimal with good post-treatment protection. After ruling out TB, IPT should be offered to all PLHIVs, irrespective of their antiretroviral therapy (ART) status. Scaling-up of IPT services including active case finding, periodic counselling on adherence and re-training of ART staff should be prioritized to reduce the TB burden in this community

Interaction of two imidazolium gemini surfactants with two model proteins BSA and HEWL

Gemini surfactants and their interactions with proteins have gained considerable scientific interest, especially when amyloidogenic proteins are taken into account. In this work, the influence of two selected dicationic (gemini) surfactants (3,3′-[1,8-(2,7-dioxaoctane)]bis(1-dodecylimidazolium) chloride and 3,3′-[1,12-(2,11-dioxadodecane)]bis(1-dodecylimidazolium) chloride) on two model proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), have been investigated. A pronounced and sophisticated influence on BSA structure has been revealed, including a considerable change of protein radius of gyration as well as substantial alteration of its secondary structure. Radius of gyration has been found to rise significantly with addition of surfactants and to fall down for high surfactants concentration. Similarly, a remarkable fall of secondary structure (α-helix content) has been observed, followed by its partial retrieval for high surfactants concentration. A strong aggregation of BSA has been observed for a confined range of surfactants concentrations as well. In case of HEWL-gemini system, on the other hand, the protein-surfactant interaction was found to be weak. Molecular mechanisms explaining such behaviour of protein-surfactant systems have been proposed. The differences of properties of both studied surfactants have also been discussed