Impact of the orientation of seed placement and depth of its sowing on germination: A review

Seed orientation and its impacts on germination and seedling establishment mainly depend on the type of germination (hypogeal (or) epigeal), seed size and shape. Higher germination per cent is noticed when seeds are sown in the horizontal position. Planting seeds in a downward position can lead to a variety of physiological, chemical and morphological changes in seedlings. Consequences are usually manifested as noticeable modifications in their development. Vigorous seeds have strong, resilient seedlings due to their well-balanced metabolism and coordinated subcellular activity, making them well-suited for tough environments. Proper plumule and radicle growth require additional hormones and energy to ensure seedling survival. Four necessary factors must be considered while deciding the sowing depth viz., soil moisture, optimum soil temperature, soil aeration and atmospheric humidity required for seed germination, emergence and seedling growth. Variations are observed in germination behaviour and seedling growth for different sowing depths. The necessary factors are very much important for efficient nursery seedlings production. This review looks at the effects of seed depth and orientation on the germination and growth of important agricultural, horticultural and silvicultural crops

Effect of ageing on in vitro true seed and in vivo drupe germination and its dormancy mechanism in teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f)

The germination percentage of teak seed is generally very poor due to its higher percentage of empty seed and poor seed viability. The viable seeds exhibit protracted germination behaviour due to their inherent seed dormancy and other physiochemical characteristics. Hence establishing a teak nursery for largescale plantation activities is a challenging task. This study was undertaken to study the effect of ageing on in vitro true seed and in vivo drupe germination and its dormancy mechanism in teak. Fresh, one-year and two-year stored drupes were used to represent different levels of ageing. Under in vivo conditions, poor drupe germination was observed in fresh drupes (3%) and germination percentage was increased when the drupes were subjected to ageing for one year (17%) or two years (32%). When true seeds separated from fresh drupes and germinated under in vitro conditions, enhanced germination (58.3%) was observed. Biochemical analysis showed that indole-3- acetic acid, indole butyric acid, abscisic acid and coumarin are not present in fresh, one year and two-year-old true seeds. The gibberellic acid was increased with an increase in ageing, but the GA3 did not influence the germination percent under in vitro conditions. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of fresh teak true seed showed that embryo tip was shrivelled, whereas one and two-year-old true seed embryo tip bulged; this was confirmed that one and two-year-old true seed embryos were matured and satisfied the after-ripening requirement. Nursery studies revealed that one and two-year-old drupes recorded the highest germination compared to fresh drupes.                

Brief Review of the Genus Diospyros Montana Roxb: Phytopharmacological Properties

Diospyros montana Roxb. (F: Ebenaceae) commonly known as Ebony is a species of flowering tree native to India and other countries. These plant part as a whole in used in treatment of several diseases in particular, leaves and bark are used in folk medicine for the treatment of fish poison, anti-inflammatory, anti cancer etc. This present investigation reviews the bioactivity of flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, amino acids, protein, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, sterols, anthocyanin and anthraquinones, fixed oils and fats, and their presence in various parts of Diospyros montana. The significant constituent such as Diospyros, Isodiospyrin, Oleanolic acid, quercetin, β-amyrin and kaempferol have been isolated from various parts of the plant is discussed with a detailed description. The narrower approach indicates that Diospyros montana possess various pharmacological activities like antiviral, anticancer, antitumor, antimalarial, anthelmintic, prostaglandin synthesis inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and antileukemic agent and several other important medicinal properties. This review focus on comprehensive and categorized information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Diospyros montana which provide valuable information to researchers for continuing further scientific work on this plant

Brief Review of the Genus Diospyros Montana Roxb: Phytopharmacological Properties

Diospyros montana Roxb. (F: Ebenaceae) commonly known as Ebony is a species of flowering tree native to India and other countries. These plant part as a whole in used in treatment of several diseases in particular, leaves and bark are used in folk medicine for the treatment of fish poison, anti-inflammatory, anti cancer etc. This present investigation reviews the bioactivity of flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, amino acids, protein, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, sterols, anthocyanin and anthraquinones, fixed oils and fats, and their presence in various parts of Diospyros montana. The significant constituent such as Diospyros, Isodiospyrin, Oleanolic acid, quercetin, β-amyrin and kaempferol have been isolated from various parts of the plant is discussed with a detailed description. The narrower approach indicates that Diospyros montana possess various pharmacological activities like antiviral, anticancer, antitumor, antimalarial, anthelmintic, prostaglandin synthesis inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and antileukemic agent and several other important medicinal properties. This review focus on comprehensive and categorized information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Diospyros montana which provide valuable information to researchers for continuing further scientific work on this plant

Large free-floating left atrial thrombus with normal mitral valve

Left atrial thrombus in the presence of diseased mitral valve and atrial fibrillation is a well known entity. But it is very rare to occur in the presence of normal mitral valve apparatus. We report the case of a 36 year old female who presented with left atrial ball valve thrombus and normal mitral valve apparatus and underwent surgery. This patient with gangrene of right lower limb came for cardiac evaluation. She had infarct in left middle cerebral artery territory- ten months prior to this admission and was on treatment for infertility. She had atrial fibrillation. Emergency surgery to remove the thrombus should be considered given its potential life threatening embolic nature

Biomimetic formation of silver oxide nanoparticles through Diospyros montana bark extract: Its application in dye degradation, antibacterial and anticancer effect in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Objectives: Remarkable potential of silver nanoparticles (NPs) makes its use efficient in both biological as well as industrial applications. Post harvested NPs, free from other hazards chemicals will be ideal for biological applications. Thus, plant mediated biological method is much focused than the available approaches. Methods: The present work focusses on fabrication of silver oxide NPs (Ag2ONPs) using methanolic bark extract of Diospyros montana and characterized through sophisticated analytical techniques. Results: UV–Vis indicated Ag2ONPs formation, FTIR analysis identified the functional groups, XRD investigation depicted the face centered cubic crystalline nature, XPS study determined the chemical state, EDX confirmed the purity, spherical shaped and ∼ 10–50 nm size, was evidenced by SEM and TEM respectively. Zeta potential denoted the stability of Ag2ONPs. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was observed. Ag2ONPs showed significant anticancer effect against hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep G2), which is mediated through increased DNA damage, & autophagy and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. The synthesized Ag2ONPs revealed significant zone of inhibition in gram-negative (Escherichia coli − 16.33 ± 2.57 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-18.56 ± 1.57) and positive (Bacillus subtilis-22.26 ± 4.47, Staphylococcus aureus 18.65 ± 3.15) bacteria at 40 µg/mL of Ag2ONPs exhibiting its antibacterial property. Conclusions: This enlightens the synthesis of pure and stable Ag2ONPs by green synthesis unwrapping their pharmacological properties which may play a vital role in nanomedicine anchoring its therapeutic efficiency