Differences in intensity of game load between senior and U19 female basketball players

The aim of this study is to compare the intensity of game load in individual playing positions between female basketball players in U19 (1st division) and senior (2nd division) categories. Eight female basketball players of U19 category and 9 female basketball players of senior category participated in this research. Individual intensity zones of the physical activity intensity were determined on the basis of the maximum heart rate (HRmax). HRmax was set in the endurance shuttle run test. The classification of the physical activity intensity: 1. 0.05), forward (p>0.05) and center (p>0.05). Moreover, no significant differences were detected, when the two categories were compared, in % of HRmax (p>0.05) between point guards (86±2.5 vs. 87.4±4.2), forwards (89.7±2.1 vs. 84.7±3.6) and centers (87.5±2.7 vs. 88.7±2.9). The results indicate high physiological demands on individual players’ positions in both categories. Information of this character can be useful for basketball coaches and conditioning specialists. It is suggested that to increase the number of examined subjects and games ould benefit similar future researches

Can the intensity of game load affect the shooting performance in basketball?

Victory in a basketball game depends on many factors. One of the main factors that determine game performance of the team is the successfulness of basketball shooting. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of the game load intensity on basketball shooting performance. Ten senior female basketball players (2nd division) participated in this study. Bleep test was used to set the maximal heart rate (HRmax) of each player. The intensity of game load was classified as follows: 95 % of HRmax. During the two competitive games and the bleep test the HR was monitored by telemetric device. In the 1st zone no field goal attempt was recorded. In the 2nd zone the successfulness of shooting was 60%, in the 3rd zone 37.5% and in the 4th zone 45.2%. The relation between the successfulness of shooting and the individual zones was statistically insignificant (χ2=2.786; df=2; p=0.24). Calculated Cramer’s contingency coefficient (V=0.149) shows weak strength of association. Based on the results we may conclude that the shooting performance in basketball game is not dependent on the intensity of game load. Besides the intensity of game load, the shooting performance can also be affected by many other factors. What is relevant for training process is that the 88.1% of all field goal attempts were made with HR over 85% of HRmax. This fact should be taken into consideration by coaches when planning shooting practice sessions

Relationship between speed and explosive power of lower limbs in semi-elite football players

PURPOSE: This study focuses on the relationship between speed (acceleration, maximum speed, and change of direction speed) and explosive power of lower limbs represented by countermovement jump (CMJ) in semi-elite football players. METHODS: Twenty semi-elite football players (n = 20; 25.1 ± 6.2 years) participated in the study. All participants were assessed using the following 5 tests: countermovement jump (CMJ), 5-0-5 Agility test with dominant lower limb turn and non-dominant lower limb turn, 10-meter linear sprint, 30-meter linear sprint. RESULTS: Pearson’s correlations (p ≤ 0.05) calculated the relationship between CMJ and speed tests. Subjects displayed a very large correlation between 10 and 30-meter sprints and CMJ (r = −0.75 and −0.76). There was a moderate correlation between 505 COD tests (non-dominant and dominant) and CMJ (r = −0.54 and −0.61, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There are large to very large relationships between speed and power attributes in semi-elite soccer players, especially between linear speed and CMJ. Improving the explosiveness and power of lower limbs can lead to increasing velocity and enhancing sport-specific speed. Keywords: acceleration, maximal speed, change of direction speed, countermovement jump, correlatio

Comparison of the Successfulness of Basketball Shooting in Relation to the Diff erent Intensity of the Game Load

V príspevku sa porovnáva úspešnosť streľby vzhľadom na rôznu intenzitu zápasového zaťaženia na súbore mladých basketbalistiek. Na stanovenie podielu srdcovej frekvencie v piatich bioenergetických pásmach sa použili hodnoty maximálnej srdcovej frekvencie diagnostikované vo vytrvalostnom člnkovom behu. V súťažnom zápase sa pomocou telemetrického systému zaznamenávala srdcová frekvencia každej hráčky pri streleckom pokuse. Najvyššie zastúpenie streleckých pokusov bolo v 4. (23,08 %) a 5. (44,23 %) pásme, čo poukazuje na vysoké fyziologické nároky počas súťažného zápasu. Úspešnosť streľby bola rôznorodá v každom bioenergetickom pásme. Najnižšia úspešnosť sa dosiahla v 2. pásme (25 %) pri ľahkom aeróbnom zaťažení, najvyššia úspešnosť v 3. pásme (66,66 %) pri intenzívnejšom aeróbnom zaťažení. V 4. a 5. pásme bola úspešnosť 41,65 % a 43,5 %, kde energia na svalovú prácu sa uvoľňuje aeróbno-anaeróbnym, resp. anaeróbnym spôsobom.This article compares successfulness of shooting in relation to the diff erent intensity of game load in girl’s basketball team. To determine the heart rate’s range in fi ve bioenergetics’ zones the fi gures for maximum heart rate from endurance shuttle run test were used. Each player’s heart rate during the shooting attempt in the game was monitored by telemetric device. Th e highest number of shooting attempts were recorded in the 4th (23,08 %) and the 5th (44,23 %) zone, which shows high physiological demands during the game. Th e successfulness of shooting varied in each bioenergetics’ zone. Th e lowest successfulness of shooting was reached in the 2nd (25 %) zone, during light aerobic workout and the highest successfulness in 3rd (66,66 %) during intensive aerobic workout. In 4th and 5th zone the successfulness was 41,65 % and 43,5 %, where the energy for muscle activity is released in aerobic-anaerobic or anaerobic manner

Heart Rate Response to Game Load in Women’s Basketball

Štúdia sa zaoberá porovnaním intenzity herného zaťaženia medzi jednotlivými hráčskymi pozíciami a polčasmi ženského basketbalového zápasu. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 10 basketbalistiek v seniorskej kategórií žien, ktorým sa na základe maximálnej srdcovej frekvencie (SFmax) stanovili 4 zóny intenzity zaťaženia. Telemetrický systém Suunto Team Pack bol použitý na monitorovanie srdcovej frekvencie (SF) v zápasových podmienkach. Basketbalistky dosiahli priemernú SF na úrovni 88,1 ± 3,9 % z SFmax z celkového hracieho času. Pri porovnaní hráčskych pozícií sme nezaznamenali štatisticky (p > 0,05) ani vecne významný rozdiel v jednotlivých zónach ako ani v % z SFmax (87,4 ± 3,6 vs. 87,8 ± 4,6 vs. 88,8 ± 3,5; rozohrávač vs. krídlo vs. pivot). Z hľadiska priebehu zápasu sme medzi 1. a 2. polčasom v jednotlivých zónach a v % z SFmax (87,7 ± 4,1 vs. 88,5 ± 3,7) taktiež nezistili signifikantný rozdiel (p > 0,05) a veľkosť účinku pri porovnaní polčasov poukazuje na malý efekt. Hráčky odohrali 76,3 % z celkového hracieho času so SF vyššou ako 85 % z SFmax. Výsledky poukazujú na vysoké fyziologické požiadavky kladené na hráčky počas basketbalových zápasov bez rozdielu medzi hráčskymi pozíciami. Tieto informácie môžu slúžiť pri plánovaní a riadení tréningového procesu ako aj pre komparáciu s tréningový zaťažením. Pri podobne orientovaných výskumoch odporúčame hodnotiť okrem vnútorných parametrov aj vzdialenostno-rýchlostné charakteristiky, čím dostaneme detailnejší pohľad na skúmanú problematiku.The study compares the intensity of game loads among individual player positions and between the first and second half of a basketball game. Ten female basketball players in senior category participated in this study. Four intensity zones were determined based on maximal heart rate (HRmax). Telemetric device Suunto Team Pack was used for monitoring the heart rate (HR) during the games. The mean HR during the games reached 88.1±3.9% of HRmax of total time. When we compared the players positions in individual intensity zones, we did not record statistical (p>0.05) nor practical significance and neither in % of HRmax (87.4±3.6 vs. 87.8±4.6 vs. 88.8±3.5; point guard vs. forward vs. centre). Moreover, when we compared the 1st and the 2nd half in individual zones and in % of HRmax (87.7±4.1 vs. 88.5±3.7)  there was no statistical significance (p>0.05) and the effect size coefficient shows a small effect. Players spent 76.3% of total time with HR greater than 85% of HRmax. The results indicate high physiological demands on female basketball players during the games without taking into consideration the player’s position. This information can be useful for planning and managing the training process as well as for comparison with training load. In similar future research we recommend the evaluation of time-motion analysis besides the internal response and thus a more detailed look at the examined subject in question may be reached

The Change of 3-point field Goal Area Rule and Its Impact on the Number of Attempts and Successfulness of the 3-point Shooting of Elite Male Basketball Players U16 and U18

Príspevok sa zaoberá vplyvom zmeny pravidla o 3-bodovom území (zmena horizontálnej vzdialenosti z 6,25 m na 6,75 m od koša) na početnosť a úspešnosť streľby za 3 body, vo vekových kategóriách mužov do 16 rokov (U16) a do 18 rokov (U18). Výskumný súbor bol tvorený družstvami, ktoré sa zúčastnili Majstrovstiev Európy (ME) v rokoch 2009, 2010, 2011 a 2012 v kategóriách U16 a U18. Celkovo bolo analyzovaných 548 herných štatistík zo všetkých odohratých zápasov v oboch vekových kategóriách. Pri porovnaní početnosti 3-bodových pokusov pred (ME 2009, 2010) a po zmene pravidiel (ME 2011, 2012), sme zistili signifikantý rozdiel v kategórií U16 (21,32 5,58 vs. 18,31 ± 0,28; p 0,05), ani v U18 (29,62 ± 10,51 % vs. 29,24 ± 9,77 %; p > 0,05). Výsledky indikujú, že pravdepodobne došlo k zmenám vo zvolených modeloch hry sledovaných družstiev, pričom v útočnej fáze hry bola preferovaná streľba za 2 body. Ďalej sa ukazuje, že časový interval medzi jednotlivými ME je dostatočne dlhé časové obdobie na adaptáciu sa hráčov novým pravidlám.The article deals with the impact of the change of 3-point field goal shooting area rule (change of horizontal distance from 6.25 m to 6.75 m from the basket) on the number of attempts and the successfulness of 3-point shooting in age categories under 16 (U16) and under 18 (U18) years old male basketball players. The research sample consists of teams which took part in European Championships (ECH) in years 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 in categories U16 and U18. The paper analysed 548 game statistics of all games played in both categories. When we compared the number of 3-point shooting attempts, before (ECH 2009, 2010) and after the change of rules (ECH 2011, 2012), we found a statistically significant difference in U16 (21.32 ± 5.58 vs. 18.31 ± 10.28; p 0.05) as well as in U18 (29.62 ± 10.51 % vs. 29.24 ± 9.77 %; p > 0.05). The results indicate that the changes probably appeared affect the game of monitored teams, therefore the preferred shooting in offensive phase of game was 2-point shooting. Furthermore, it was proved that the time period between individual ECH is long enough for the adaptation of players to the new rules

The role of spiral stabilization exercise on the level of postural stabilty

The main aim of our study was to find out if exercise of spiral stabilization can improve level of postural stability (PS). PS is often described as the ability to maintain center of gravity within the base of support and it is also a fundamental part in assessing the efficacy of intervention for improving balance. Both, static and dynamic PS is the result of relationship between proprioception, vision and vestibular system. These three main sources are responsible for position of the body during static or dynamic activity. The participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (11 girls; mean age=13.3±1.3 years; mean height=1.52±0.07 m; mean body weight=44.56±4.13 kg) and control group (11 girls; mean age=13.5±0.80 years; mean height=1.50±0.08 m; mean body weight=46.45±6.27 kg). At the beginning of the experiment, parents of participants signed the informed consent about participation on the programme. An electronic balance board was used for measuring PS. The exercise regimen was set up 4 times weekly for 3 months. The result of the study showed significant improvement in a level of postural stability in the experimental group (paired samples t-test; p=0.00989; the significance level 95%) and there is no significant improvement in the control group (p=0.25564; the significance level 95%).This paper was written at Masaryk university as part of the project "Monitoring of foot loading, body posture in relation to SM – System exercise for pupils of dance conservatoire" number MUNI/A/0854/2013 with the support of the Specific University Research Grant, as provided by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic in the year 2014

Heart rate response to game load of U19 female basketball players

The aim of the study is to compare the intensity of game load between player positions (guards, forwards, centers) and between the 1st and the 2nd half of the basketball games in female category U19. Ten female basketball players (17.6 ± 0.9 years old) participated in this study. The beep test was used to determine the maximal heart rate (HRmax) and based on the HRmax the four intensity zones were set ( 95% of HRmax). The heart rate (HR) and its development during the competition were monitored by telemetric device Suunto Team Pack. We did not record any statistical significance among player positions in particular intensity zones, nor in % of HRmax (86 ± 2.8 vs. 88.3 ± 2.9 vs. 87.7 ± 3.3; guards vs. forwards vs. centers). Moreover, when we compared the 1st and the 2nd half, of individual games, in particular zones and in % of HRmax (87.8 ± 3 vs. 86.8 ± 3.1) we also did not record any statistical significance. The female basketball players spent 74.3% of total time with HR greater than 85% of HRmax which indicates high physiological demands during the competition on all player positions. The results can be used for comparison with the intensity of training load and for optimizing the training process.This study was funded by the project Specific Research at Masaryk University (MUNI/A/0900/2013)

Heart Rate Analysis of Semi-elite Female Basketball Players during Competitive Games

Knowledge of the intensity of load in basketball appears to be an essential factor in composing an effective training process. The aim of this work is to ascertain whether there are any significant differences in load intensity between player positions and between 1st and 2nd half of the game in female basketball. 10 semi-elite female basketball players were included in this research. Total time of each player, in 3 intensity of load zones, was determined based on their HR max. Differences between the individual player positions or in % of HRmax (guards vs. forwards vs. centers; 88.2 ± 3.5 vs. 87.8 ± 3.1 vs. 88.9 ± 3.4) were neither statistically nor practically significant. Moreover, the differences between the 1st and 2nd half in the zones and % of HRmax (88.6 ± 3.4 vs. 88.3 ± 3.3) were not statistically significant and the practical significance had small effect. These results can create a solid base for conditioning and also game-based training programs.Knowledge of the intensity of load in basketball appears to be an essential factor in composing an effective training process. The aim of this work is to ascertain whether there were any significant differences in load intensity between player positions between 1st and 2nd half of a game in female basketball. 10 semi-elite female basketball players were included in this research. Total time of each player, in 3 intensity of load zones, was determined based on their HR max. Differences between the individual player positions or in % of HRmax (guards vs. forwards vs. centres; 88.2 ± 3.5 vs. 87.8 ± 3.1 vs. 88.9 ± 3.4) were neither statistically nor practically significant. Moreover, the differences between the 1st and 2nd half in the zones and % of HRmax (88.6 ± 3.4 vs. 88.3 ± 3.3) were not statistically significant and the practical significance had a small effect. These results can assist in the creation  of a solid base for conditioning and also game-based training programs

The Reactive Agility Of Table-Tennis Players Before And After Sport-Specific Warm-Up

Cílem studie bylo zjistit a porovnat reaktivní agilitu ligových hráčů a hráčů regionálních soutěží a její změny vlivem sportovně-specifického rozcvičení. Výzkumný soubor tvořilo 43 hráčů, kteří byli rozděleni do dvou skupin. Jednu skupinu tvořilo 22 hráčů z družstev hrající národní ligové soutěž (24,3 ± 5,6 let, výška 179,4 ± 8 cm, hmotnost 74,8 ± 10,4 kg), druhou skupinu 21 hráčů hrajících nižší regionální soutěže (26,7 ± 5,64 let, výška 180,2 ± 7,7 cm, hmotnost 77,8 ± 10,5 kg). Použili jsme Fitro agility test modifikovaný pro stolní tenis před a po rozcvičení. Pro analýzu dat byla použita dvoufaktorová ANOVA při opakovaných měřeních. Při porovnání reaktivní agility jsme zjistili signifikantní rozdíl před a po sportovně-specifickém rozcvičení jak u skupiny ligových hráčů (885,94 ± 122,69 ms před rozcvičením, 842,80 ± 119,48 ms po rozcvičení, zlepšení o 4,87 %, p < 0,0004), tak u skupiny hráčů nižších soutěží (932,96 ± 114,78 ms před rozcvičením, 871,90 ± 119,68 ms po rozcvičení, zlepšení o 6,54 %, p < 0,0002). I když ligový hráči dosáhli lepších výsledků, rozdíl mezi skupinami nebyl shledán signifikantní. Taktéž bylo zjištěno, že účinek sportovně-specifického rozcvičení není pro různé skupiny rozdílný. Sportovně-specifické rozcvičení (rozehrání) hraje důležitou roli pro zlepšení reaktivní agility a proto by nemělo být podceňováno.The aim of the study was to determine and compare the reactive agility league players and players of regional competitions and its changes due to sport-specific warm-up. The research sample consisted of 43 players, who were divided into two groups. First group consisted of 22 players from teams playing in the national league competitions (24.3 ± 5.6 years, body height 179.4 ± 8 cm, body weight 74.8 ± 10.4 kg), the second group of 21 players playing lower regional competitions (26.7 ± 5.64 years, body height 180.2 ± 7.7 cm, body weight 77.8 ± 10.5 kg). We used Fitro agility test modified for table tennis before and after warm-up. For data analysis was used two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. When comparing reactive agility, we found significant differences before and after the sport-specific warm-up for the group of league players (885.94 ± 122.69 ms before the warm-up, 842.80 ± 119.48 ms after the warm-up, an improvement of 4.87 %, p <0.0004) and also for the group of players from lower competitions (932.96 ± 114.78ms before the warm-up, 871.90 ± 119.68 ms after the warm-up, an improvement of 6.54 %, p < 0.0002). Although league players achieved better results, the difference between the groups was found to be not significant. The nonsignificant statistical values for interaction indicates, that league players did not respond to the sport-specific warm-up any differently than players from lower competitions. Sport-specific warm-up is important for improving the reactive agility and therefore should not be underestimated