Sienten kiehtovaa biologiaa yleistajuisesti – ja suomen kielellä

Kirja-arvosteluKirja: Sari Timonen & Jari Valkonen (toim.). 2013. Sienten biologia. Gaudeamus. 448

Accessions to the Botanical Museum of the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, in 2017

The herbarium accessions amount to 17,691 specimens, including 3,564 phanerogams and pteridophytes, 1,298 specimens of bryophytes, 23 specimens of algae, 11,182 specimens of fungi and 1,624 specimens of lichens. Some details of noteworthy accessions are given here

Accessions to the Botanical Museum of the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, in 2016

The herbarium accessions amount to 18,791 specimens, including 3,282 phanerogams and pteridophytes, 1,425 specimens of bryophytes, 45 specimens of algae, 6,182 specimens of fungi and 7,857 specimens of lichens. Some details of noteworthy accessions are given here

Genetic control of susceptibility to fungal symbionts of juvenile Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karsten) in relation to long-term growth performance

This study was carried out in order to reveal the degree to which host-tree factors influence the interaction between Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and the endophytic (EN) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) found in their needles and roots, respectively. We also explored how susceptibility to fungal infection and the composition and functionality of associated fungal communities relates to seedling growth performance. In multiple glasshouse experiments, we challenged Norway spruce seedlings and clonal cuttings with pure culture and natural EMF inoculum. Clonal cuttings from healthy spruce were used to assess the heritability of EMF communities and needle endophytes. The relationship between the susceptibility to fungal infection and EMF community function with host-tree performance was studied using seedlings originating from families known to have different growth rates at later life stages. We also examined resource allocation and root architecture of the fast- and slow-growing Norway spruce seedlings. Hypotheses derived prior to and during this work were tested with molecular tools and appropriate statistical techniques. Host genotype partly controlled the colonization of EMF and EN species but future growth performance was not associated with susceptibility. Norway spruce seedlings originating from differently growing seed orchards were colonized similarly by EMF, and did not show any consistent bias in terms of infection rate or the function of single ectomycorrhizas. However, the short root architecture was found to be moderately heritable and varied consistently between the fast- and slow-growing origins. We observed seedlings of fast-growing origins to have sparse and widespread rootlets that enable a greater allocation of below-ground biomass and higher exoenzyme capacity compared to slow-growing seedlings. Norway spruce does not show a strong genetic signal for within-population selection towards its mutualistic fungi at the species level. Formation of the associated EMF community may be an effect rather than cause of seedling physiological state. The superior growth of fast-growing genotypes seems to be a consequence of resource allocation and optimal root structuring in the juvenile stage rather than the extent of colonization by fungal mutualists. We accept that root physiological factors may subsequently lead to a higher capacity for symbiotic interactions in heterogeneous forest soil and a higher diversity and functionality of associated EMF. An adequate and versatile means of nutrient acquisition is an important factor enabling fast growth, but might also provide the basis for positive feedback via enhanced relationships with mutualistic fungi.Työssä tutkittiin metsäkuusen (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) perimän vaikutusta taimivaiheen neulas- ja juurisieniyhteisöjen rakenteeseen, ja näiden sieniyhteisöjen yhteyttä isäntäpuun kasvuun, resurssien kohdentamiseen sekä juuriston rakenteeseen. Kuusen siementaimia ja klonaalisia pistokkaita altistettiin symbionttisille pintasienijuurisienille ja taudinaiheuttajasienille kasvihuonekokeissa, ja altistuksia seuranneita vuorovaikutuksia tutkittiin molekyylibiologisten ja tilastollisten menetelmien avulla. Klonaalisten pistokastaimien avulla tutkittiin kuusentaimien neulasendofyyttien ja pintasienijuurisienten yhteisörakenteen periytyvyyttä. Infektioalttiuden ja pintasienijuurten toiminnan yhteyttä kasvuun tutkittiin puolestaan eri alkuperää olevilla kuusen siementaimilla, jotka poikkesivat toisistaan myöhemmän kasvuvaiheen ilmiasultaan. Isäntäpuu sääteli osittain neulasendofyyttien ja pintasienijuurisienten kolonisaatiota mutta ei suoraan sienten lajimäärää tai infektioalttiutta. Myöhemmässä kasvuvaiheessa nopeasti ja hitaasti kasvavien kuusentaimien pintasienijuurisienten yhteisörakenteet olivat hyvin samanlaiset, eikä infektioherkkyydessä tai pintasienijuurten toiminnassa ollut eroja näiden taimiryhmien välillä. Suurimmat erot nopea- ja hidaskasvuisten kuusialkuperien siementaimien välillä ilmenivät juurten haarautumisessa ja resurssien kohdentamisessa. Hitaasti kasvavista alkuperistä peräisin olevat siementaimet kasvattivat tiheät juuristot, joissa oli paljon juurenkärkiä. Nopeakasvuisten alkuperien taimet kohdensivat enemmän resursseja maanalaiseen kasvuun, ja niiden juuret levittäytyivät hidaskasvuisia taimia laajemmalle, ja juuristotasolla niillä oli myös enemmän ravinteidenottopotentiaalia kuin hitaasti kasvavien alkuperien taimilla. Kuusi on elänyt miljoonia vuosia tiiviisti rinnakkain symbionttisten sientensä kanssa, ja tutkimustulostemme perusteella näyttää siltä, ettei kuusella esiinny voimakasta populaation sisäistä geneettistä valintaa sieniyhteisöjen lajeja kohtaan. Kuusen sieniyhteisöt eivät suoraan näytä säätelevän taimivaiheen elinvoimaisuutta, vaan ne saattavat pikemminkin heijastella isännän fysiologista tilaa. Hyvän kasvun salaisuus saattaa piillä resurssien kohdentamisessa oikeassa suhteessa maan alle erityisesti taimivaiheen aikana. Pitkällä aikavälillä riittävät juuriresurssit mahdollistavat kuuselle monipuolisen pintasienijuurisieniyhteisön kehityksen, joka puolestaan takaa monipuolisen toiminnan kautta riittävän veden ja ravinteiden saannin karussa metsämaassa. Hyvä ravinnetila voi edelleen johtaa kerääntyvän hyvän kierteeseen, joka voi olla yksi syy kuusen kasvueroihin

Accessions to the Botanical Museum of the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, in 2014

The herbarium accessions amount to 19,853 specimens, including 4,751 phanerogams and pteridophytes, 2,559 specimens of bryophytes and algae, 5,000 specimens of fungi, 7,542 specimens of lichens, and 1 specimen of zoocecidia. Some details of noteworthy accessions are given here

Nosy neighbours: large broods attract more visitors. A field experiment in the pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca

Life is uncertain. To reduce uncertainty and make adaptive decisions, individuals need to collect information. Individuals often visit the breeding sites of their conspecifics (i.e., “prospect”), likely to assess conspecifics’ reproductive success and to use such information to identify high-quality spots for future breeding. We investigated whether visitation rate by prospectors and success of visited sites are causally linked. We manipulated the reproductive success (enlarged, reduced, and control broods) in a nest-box population of migratory pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca, in Finland. We measured the visitation rates of prospectors at 87 nest-boxes continuously from manipulation (day 3 after hatching) to fledging. 302 adult pied flycatchers prospected 9194 times on these manipulated nests (at least 78% of detected prospectors were successful breeders). While the number of visitors and visits was not influenced by the relative change in brood size we induced, the resulting absolute brood size predicted the prospecting behaviour: the larger the brood size after manipulation, the more visitors and visits a nest had. The parental provisioning rate at a nest and brood size pre-manipulation did not predict the number of visitors or visits post-manipulation. More visitors, however, inspected early than late nests and broods in good condition. Our study suggests that individuals collect social information when visiting conspecific nests during breeding and provides evidence that large broods attract more visitors than small broods. We discuss the results in light of individual decision-making by animals in their natural environments

Accessions to the Botanical Museum of the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, in 2015

The herbarium accessions amount to 19,879 specimens, including 4,570 phanerogams and pteridophytes, 2,699 specimens of bryophytes, 5,578 specimens of fungi and 7,032 specimens of lichens. Some details of noteworthy accessions are given here

Accessions to the Botanical Museum of the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, in 2021

The herbarium accessions amount to 26,260 specimens, including 7,891 phanerogams or pteridophytes, 1,779 specimens of bryophytes, 6 specimens of algae, 10,335 specimens of fungi and 6,249 specimens of lichens. Some details of noteworthy accessions are given here