Padrões alimentares de crianças menores de seis anos e fatores associados

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Maternidade e paternidade na coorte de nascimentos de 1982 a 2004-5, Pelotas, RS

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of maternity and paternity among subjects and its association with perinatal, socioeconomic and demographic variables. METHODS: The participants were youth, aged 23, on the average, accompanied in a cohort study since they were born, in 1982, in Pelotas (Southern Brazil) and interviewed in 2004-5. Those who were considered eligible referred having had one or more children, whether these were liveborns or stillborns. Data was collected on reproductive health as well as socioeconomic and demographic information, by means of two different instruments. The independent variables were sex and skin color, family income in 1982 and in 2004-5, changes in income, birth weight and educational level when aged 23 years old. Crude and adjusted analysis were conducted by means of Poisson regression so as to investigate the effects of the independent variables on maternity/paternity during adolescence. RESULTS: Among the 4,297 youth interviewed, 1,373 (32%) were parents and 842 (19.6%) of these had experienced maternity/paternity during their adolescence. Planned pregnancy of the first child was directly related to the youth's age. Socioeconomic variables were inversely related to the occurrence of maternity/paternity during adolescence. The probability of being an adolescent mother was higher among black and mixed skin colored women, but skin color was not associated to adolescent paternity. CONCLUSIONS: There was a strong relation between adolescent maternity/paternity and socioeconomic conditions, which should be taken into consideration when delineating preventive actions in the field of public health.OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia de maternidad y paternidad en adultos jóvenes y su asociación con variables perinatales, socioeconómicas y demográficas. MÉTODOS: Los participantes fueron jóvenes con edad promedio de 23 años, acompañados en estudio de cohorte desde su nacimiento, en 1982, en Pelotas (Sur de Brasil) y entrevistados en 2004-5. Fueron considerados elegibles los jóvenes que señalaron haber tenido uno o más hijos, nacidos vivos o muertos. Dos cuestionarios fueron aplicados para colectar informaciones sobre salud reproductiva, datos socioeconómicos y demográficos. Las variables independientes fueron sexo y color de la piel, renta familiar en 1982 y 2004-5, cambio de renta, peso al nacer del joven y escolaridad a los 23 años. Los análisis brutos y ajustados fueron realizados por medio de regresión de Poisson para investigar los efectos de las variables independientes sobre la maternidad/paternidad en la adolescencia. RESULTADOS: De 4.297 jóvenes entrevistados, 1.373 (32%) eran madres o padres, de los cuales 842 (19,6%) habían experimentado la maternidad/paternidad en la adolescencia. La planificación del embarazo del primer hijo mostró relación directa con la edad del joven. Relación inversa fue observada entre las variables socioeconómicas y la ocurrencia de maternidad/paternidad en la adolescencia. La probabilidad de ser mamá en la adolescencia fue mayor entre las mujeres negras o pardas, pero el color de la piel no estuvo asociado con la paternidad en la adolescencia. CONCLUSIONES: Hubo fuerte relación entre la maternidad/paternidad en la adolescencia y condiciones socioeconómicas, la cual debe ser considerada en el delineamiento de acciones preventivas en el campo de la salud pública.OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de maternidade e paternidade em adultos jovens e sua associação com variáveis perinatais, socioeconômicas e demográficas. MÉTODOS: Os participantes foram jovens com idade média de 23 anos, acompanhados em estudo de coorte desde o seu nascimento, em 1982, em Pelotas (RS) e entrevistados em 2004-5. Foram considerados elegíveis os jovens que referiram ter tido um ou mais filhos, nascidos vivos ou mortos. Dois questionários foram aplicados para coletar informações sobre saúde reprodutiva, dados socioeconômicos e demográficos. As variáveis independentes foram sexo e cor da pele, renda familiar em 1982 e 2004-5, mudança de renda, peso ao nascer do jovem e escolaridade aos 23 anos. Análises brutas e ajustadas foram realizadas por meio de regressão de Poisson para investigar os efeitos das variáveis independentes sobre a maternidade/paternidade na adolescência. RESULTADOS: De 4.297 jovens entrevistados, 1.373 (32%) eram mães ou pais, dos quais 842 (19,6%) haviam experimentado a maternidade/paternidade na adolescência. O planejamento da gravidez do primeiro filho mostrou relação direta com a idade do jovem. Relação inversa foi observada entre as variáveis socioeconômicas e a ocorrência de maternidade/paternidade na adolescência. A probabilidade de ser mãe na adolescência foi maior entre as mulheres pretas ou pardas, mas a cor da pele não esteve associada com a paternidade na adolescência. CONCLUSÕES: Houve forte relação entre a maternidade/paternidade na adolescência e condições socioeconômicas, a qual deve ser considerada no delineamento de ações preventivas no campo da saúde pública

Food consumption of children younger than 6 years according to the degree of food processing

Objective: To evaluate food intake according to the degree of processing, stratified by family income and age, in a representative sample of children younger than 6 years in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Methods: Cross‐sectional population‐based study carried out with 770 children aged 0–72 months of age living in the urban area of Pelotas. The dietary intake of children was assessed by 24‐h recall administered to mothers or guardians. The energy intake was estimated and each food item was classified according to the food processing degree. Food consumption was stratified by age (younger than 24 months; 24 months; or older) and associations between quintiles of family income and relative contribution of each food to total energy were performed by linear regression. The Wald test was applied to test linear trend across groups. Results: The mean energy intake was 1725.7 kcal/day. The mean contribution of processed and ultraprocessed foods was 19.7% among children younger than 24 months and 37% in those aged 24 months or older, while the mean consumption of natural and minimally processed food was 61% and 44%, respectively. Among children aged 24 months or older, a greater consumption of canned foods, cheese and sweets was observed as family income quintiles increased, while breads were more consumed by those children belonging to the lower income quintiles. Conclusion: A high caloric contribution of ultraprocessed foods in detriment to a lower consumption of natural and minimally processed foods was observed in the diet of children younger than 6 years

Food consumption of children younger than 6 years according to the degree of food processing

Objective: To evaluate food intake according to the degree of processing, stratified by family income and age, in a representative sample of children younger than 6 years in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional population-based study carried out with 770 children aged 0–72 months of age living in the urban area of Pelotas. The dietary intake of children was assessed by 24-h recall administered to mothers or guardians. The energy intake was estimated and each food item was classified according to the food processing degree. Food consumption was stratified by age (younger than 24 months; 24 months or older) and associations between quintiles of family income and relative contribution of each food to total energy were performed by linear regression. The Wald test was applied to test linear trend across groups. Results: The mean energy intake was 1725.7 kcal/day. The mean contribution of processed and ultraprocessed foods was 19.7% among children younger than 24 months and 37% in those aged 24 months or older, while the mean consumption of natural and minimally processed food was 61% and 44%, respectively. Among children aged 24 months or older, a greater consumption of canned foods, cheese and sweets was observed as family income quintiles increased, while breads were more consumed by those children belonging to the lower income quintiles. Conclusion: A high caloric contribution of ultraprocessed foods in detriment to a lower consumption of natural and minimally processed foods was observed in the diet of children younger than 6 years. Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo alimentar conforme o grau de processamento, segundo a renda e a faixa etária, em uma amostra representativa de crianças menores de seis anos de idade da cidade de Pelotas, RS. Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido com 770 crianças de zero a 72 meses residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas. O consumo alimentar das crianças foi avaliado por recordatório de 24 horas, aplicado às mães ou responsáveis e o consumo calórico dos alimentos foi estimado de acordo com o grau de processamento. O consumo alimentar foi estratificado por faixa etária (menos de 24 meses; 24 meses ou mais) e as associações entre renda familiar e a participação relativa dos alimentos no total de calorias diárias foram conduzidas por regressão linear simples. Realizou-se teste de Wald para avaliar tendência linear entre os grupos. Resultados: A média de consumo foi 1.725,7 Kcal/dia. A participação calórica proveniente do grupo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi de 19,7% nas crianças com menos de 24 meses e 36,1% naquelas com 24 meses ou mais, enquanto que a contribuição do grupo de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados foi de 61,2% e 44,1%%, respectivamente. Nas crianças com 24 meses ou mais, observou-se maior consumo de doces conforme o aumento da renda familiar, enquanto que os pães foram mais consumidos entre as crianças pertencentes aos menores quintis de renda. Conclusão: Observou-se elevada participação calórica de alimentos ultraprocessados em detrimento ao menor consumo de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados na alimentação de crianças menores de 6 anos. Keywords: Foods, Nutrition, Child, preschool, Public health, Palavras-chave: Alimentos, Nutrição, Pré-escolares, Saúde públic

Food consumption of children younger than 6 years according to the degree of food processing

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate food intake according to the degree of processing, stratified by family income and age, in a representative sample of children younger than 6 years in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional population-based study carried out with 770 children aged 0-72 months of age living in the urban area of Pelotas. The dietary intake of children was assessed by 24-h recall administered to mothers or guardians. The energy intake was estimated and each food item was classified according to the food processing degree. Food consumption was stratified by age (younger than 24 months; 24 months or older) and associations between quintiles of family income and relative contribution of each food to total energy were performed by linear regression. The Wald test was applied to test linear trend across groups. Results: The mean energy intake was 1725.7 kcal/day. The mean contribution of processed and ultraprocessed foods was 19.7% among children younger than 24 months and 37% in those aged 24 months or older, while the mean consumption of natural and minimally processed food was 61% and 44%, respectively. Among children aged 24 months or older, a greater consumption of canned foods, cheese and sweets was observed as family income quintiles increased, while breads were more consumed by those children belonging to the lower income quintiles. Conclusion: A high caloric contribution of ultraprocessed foods in detriment to a lower consumption of natural and minimally processed foods was observed in the diet of children younger than 6 years

Maternidade e paternidade na coorte de nascimentos de 1982 a 2004-5, Pelotas, RS Maternidad y paternidad en la cohorte de nacimientos de 1982 a 2004-5, Pelotas, Sur de Brasil Maternity and paternity in the Pelotas birth cohort from 1982 to 2004-5, Southern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de maternidade e paternidade em adultos jovens e sua associação com variáveis perinatais, socioeconômicas e demográficas. MÉTODOS: Os participantes foram jovens com idade média de 23 anos, acompanhados em estudo de coorte desde o seu nascimento, em 1982, em Pelotas (RS) e entrevistados em 2004-5. Foram considerados elegíveis os jovens que referiram ter tido um ou mais filhos, nascidos vivos ou mortos. Dois questionários foram aplicados para coletar informações sobre saúde reprodutiva, dados socioeconômicos e demográficos. As variáveis independentes foram sexo e cor da pele, renda familiar em 1982 e 2004-5, mudança de renda, peso ao nascer do jovem e escolaridade aos 23 anos. Análises brutas e ajustadas foram realizadas por meio de regressão de Poisson para investigar os efeitos das variáveis independentes sobre a maternidade/paternidade na adolescência. RESULTADOS: De 4.297 jovens entrevistados, 1.373 (32%) eram mães ou pais, dos quais 842 (19,6%) haviam experimentado a maternidade/paternidade na adolescência. O planejamento da gravidez do primeiro filho mostrou relação direta com a idade do jovem. Relação inversa foi observada entre as variáveis socioeconômicas e a ocorrência de maternidade/paternidade na adolescência. A probabilidade de ser mãe na adolescência foi maior entre as mulheres pretas ou pardas, mas a cor da pele não esteve associada com a paternidade na adolescência. CONCLUSÕES: Houve forte relação entre a maternidade/paternidade na adolescência e condições socioeconômicas, a qual deve ser considerada no delineamento de ações preventivas no campo da saúde pública.<br>OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia de maternidad y paternidad en adultos jóvenes y su asociación con variables perinatales, socioeconómicas y demográficas. MÉTODOS: Los participantes fueron jóvenes con edad promedio de 23 años, acompañados en estudio de cohorte desde su nacimiento, en 1982, en Pelotas (Sur de Brasil) y entrevistados en 2004-5. Fueron considerados elegibles los jóvenes que señalaron haber tenido uno o más hijos, nacidos vivos o muertos. Dos cuestionarios fueron aplicados para colectar informaciones sobre salud reproductiva, datos socioeconómicos y demográficos. Las variables independientes fueron sexo y color de la piel, renta familiar en 1982 y 2004-5, cambio de renta, peso al nacer del joven y escolaridad a los 23 años. Los análisis brutos y ajustados fueron realizados por medio de regresión de Poisson para investigar los efectos de las variables independientes sobre la maternidad/paternidad en la adolescencia. RESULTADOS: De 4.297 jóvenes entrevistados, 1.373 (32%) eran madres o padres, de los cuales 842 (19,6%) habían experimentado la maternidad/paternidad en la adolescencia. La planificación del embarazo del primer hijo mostró relación directa con la edad del joven. Relación inversa fue observada entre las variables socioeconómicas y la ocurrencia de maternidad/paternidad en la adolescencia. La probabilidad de ser mamá en la adolescencia fue mayor entre las mujeres negras o pardas, pero el color de la piel no estuvo asociado con la paternidad en la adolescencia. CONCLUSIONES: Hubo fuerte relación entre la maternidad/paternidad en la adolescencia y condiciones socioeconómicas, la cual debe ser considerada en el delineamiento de acciones preventivas en el campo de la salud pública.<br>OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of maternity and paternity among subjects and its association with perinatal, socioeconomic and demographic variables. METHODS: The participants were youth, aged 23, on the average, accompanied in a cohort study since they were born, in 1982, in Pelotas (Southern Brazil) and interviewed in 2004-5. Those who were considered eligible referred having had one or more children, whether these were liveborns or stillborns. Data was collected on reproductive health as well as socioeconomic and demographic information, by means of two different instruments. The independent variables were sex and skin color, family income in 1982 and in 2004-5, changes in income, birth weight and educational level when aged 23 years old. Crude and adjusted analysis were conducted by means of Poisson regression so as to investigate the effects of the independent variables on maternity/paternity during adolescence. RESULTS: Among the 4,297 youth interviewed, 1,373 (32%) were parents and 842 (19.6%) of these had experienced maternity/paternity during their adolescence. Planned pregnancy of the first child was directly related to the youth's age. Socioeconomic variables were inversely related to the occurrence of maternity/paternity during adolescence. The probability of being an adolescent mother was higher among black and mixed skin colored women, but skin color was not associated to adolescent paternity. CONCLUSIONS: There was a strong relation between adolescent maternity/paternity and socioeconomic conditions, which should be taken into consideration when delineating preventive actions in the field of public health