15 research outputs found
Kas elliptiline (nimisÔnata) kaassÔnafraas on olemas?
KokkuvĂ”te. SĂ”naliigiliselt on kaassĂ”nade ja mÀÀrsĂ”nade klass vĂ”rdlemisi erinevad. KaassĂ”nu on keeles suhteliselt vĂ€ike ja piiratud hulk, neid tekib aja jooksul kĂŒll juurde, kuid kaassĂ”naks grammatiseerumine muudest sĂ”naliikidest on pikem protsess. KaassĂ”na defineerivaks omaduseks on esinemine alati koos nimisĂ”na(fraasi)ga, mille kÀÀnde kaassĂ”na mÀÀrab. MÀÀrsĂ”nade klass seevastu on suur ja heterogeenne, mÀÀrsĂ”nu saab hĂ”lpsasti juurde tuletada tuletusliidete abil. Ometi ĂŒhendab kaas- ja mÀÀrsĂ”nu see, et suur osa kaassĂ”nu vĂ”ib esineda samas tĂ€henduses ka mÀÀrsĂ”nana. Artiklis on uurimise all sĂ”nad, mis vĂ”ivad esineda nii kaassĂ”na kui ka mÀÀrsĂ”nana, sĂ€ilitades seejuures sama funktsiooni. Kolme sĂ”na (asemele, peale ja lĂ€bi) nĂ€itel on fookuses kontiinum kaassĂ”na ja mÀÀrsĂ”na (ja abimÀÀrsĂ”na) vahel, kus kaassĂ”nafraasi obligatoorseks osaks olev nimisĂ”na(fraas) vĂ”ib olla kadunud, kuid sisuliselt vĂ€hem vĂ”i rohkem hĂ”lpsasti juurde mĂ”eldav. Selline kontiinum kaassĂ”na, mÀÀrsĂ”na ja ĂŒhendverbi vahel peegeldab keele paindlikkust ja kĂ”neleja valikuvĂ”imalusi vĂ€ljenduda vĂ”imalikult tĂ€pselt vastavalt suhtluseesmĂ€rgile.
Abstract. Ann Veismann: Can we speak about adpositional phrases without complements? The aim of the present study is to examine the continuum between adpositions and adverbs in Estonian. The paper focuses on three words that can be used with the same meaning either as adpositions or as adverbs: asemele âinstead of [allative case]â, peale âontoâ and lĂ€bi âthroughâ. Data for the study was collected from the Estonian National Corpus 2019 via Sketch Engine. Adpositional phrases without a complement encompass the following possibilities: a) a complement noun is mentioned in the same or the previous sentence; b) a complement noun has occurred somewhere in the foregoing text; c) a suitable complement noun can be established from general knowledge about the world; d) phrases with a quasi-complement, e.g. with a noun that could be a complement even though it is not in complement case (genitive) but in a local case (elative or allative); e) phrases with a demonstrative pro-adverb which refers to the place of the complement entity. The study also discusses verb-particle combinations with the same adverbs. Verb-particle combinations with asemele are more typical combinations than those with peale and lĂ€bi which usually form more idiomatic phrasal verbs. One implication of this study is that the continuum between the adposition and adverb reveals the linguistic flexibility which enables language users the possibility of expressing themselves exactly according to the needs of the communication situation
Predicate-argument structure and verb accentuation in Estonian
This paper reports the results of a production study whose aim was to ascertain whether Estonian exhibits the regularity whereby verbs are unaccented when they are in focus together with an adjacent object. The study also examined whether this regularity holds when the verb is in sentence-final position, or when it is separated from the object by an intervening adjunct. The results suggest that in all these cases the verb is unaccented, unlike when it is complemented only by an adjunct. More generally, these results show that Estonian belongs to the category of languages with plastic sentence accent placement, and that predicate-argument structure is one of the factors that determine sentence accent placement in Estonian. The results also raise questions for future research concerning the theoretical interpretation of the descriptive observations made in the study.KokkuvĂ”te. Heete Sahkai ja Ann Veismann: Argumentstruktuur ja verbi lauserĂ”hulisus eesti keeles. Artiklis tutvustatakse uurimust, mille eesmĂ€rk oli kindlaks teha, kas eesti keeles kehtib levinud seaduspĂ€ra, et koos objektiga fookuses olev verb ei kanna lauserĂ”hku. Uurimuses kontrolliti seaduspĂ€ra kehtimist ka juhtudel, kus verb asub lause lĂ”pus vĂ”i ei paikne objektiga kĂ”rvuti, vaid on lahutatud sellest vaba laiendiga. Tulemused nĂ€itavad, et kĂ”igil neil juhtudel on verb rĂ”hutu, erinevalt juhtumist, kus verbi laiendab ĂŒksnes vaba mÀÀrus. Uurimuse ĂŒldisem tulemus on, et eesti keel kuulub tĂŒpoloogiliselt plastilise lauserĂ”hu asukohaga keelte hulka ning et argumentstruktuur on ĂŒks neist teguritest, mis mÀÀravad lauserĂ”hu asukohta eesti keeles. Tulemused tĂ”statavad ka edasist uurimist nĂ”udvaid kĂŒsimusi, mis puudutavad eelkĂ”ige kirjeldatud seaduspĂ€rade teoreetilist tĂ”lgendamist.MĂ€rksĂ”nad: eesti keel, lauserĂ”hk, deaktsentueerimine, argumentstruktuu
KATSELISED MEETODID TĂHENDUSE UURIMISEL
KĂ€esolev artikkel on lĂŒhike ja ĂŒlevaatlik sissejuhatus katselistesse meetoditesse tĂ€henduse uurimisel. Artiklis tuuakse vĂ€lja pĂ”hjuseid, miks katselisi meetodeid tĂ€henduse uurimisel kasutada ja miks ainult ĂŒhel viisil kogutud andmetest ei piisa. Artikli esimene pool kĂ€sitleb katselisi meetodeid vĂ”rdlevalt introspektsiooni ja korpusanalĂŒĂŒsiga. Artikli teises pooles kirjeldatakse eri tĂŒĂŒpi katseid, mida vĂ”ib laias laastus jagada moodustuskatseteks (vaba moodustuse katse, sunnitud valiku katse, vĂ€ljamĂ”eldud stiimuliga moodustuskatse) ja arusaamiskatseteks (klassifitseerimiskatse, sobituskatse, vastuvĂ”etavuse hindamise katse, ajaliselt mÔÔdetud verifitseerimine) ning loetleb vastavaid Eestis ja mujal tehtud (ruumi)semantika uurimusi
Kas moos ja buss seisavad endiselt? seisma-verbi polĂŒseemia ja seismise kehaline kogemus
Artiklis kaÌsitleme asendiverbi seisma poluÌseemiat. Kasutame moÌisteliste tunnuste hindamise katset uurimaks, kuidas eesti keele koÌnelejad seisma eri taÌhendusi tajuvad. Palusime eesti keele koÌnelejatel hinnata seisma taÌhenduste seotust viie tunnusega, mis peegeldavad fuÌuÌsilise seismise kogemust: vertikaalsus, kontakt, tasakaal, voÌimelisus ja liikumisvoÌime. Kasutasime katses samu lauseid nagu Renate Pajusalu (2001a. Kas moos ja buss seisavad sarnaselt ehk vaÌike katse verbiga âseismaâ. Toim Reet Kasik, Keele kannul. PuÌhendusteos Mati Erelti 60. suÌnnipaÌevaks, 250â274. Tartu: Tartu UÌlikooli Kirjastus). Tulemusi analuÌuÌsisime klasteranaluÌuÌsi ja segamudeldamise teel. KlasteranaluÌuÌsis jagunesid laused ruÌhmadesse, poÌhihargnemisega konkreetseteks ja abstraktseteks kasutusteks, mis omakorda jagunesid vaÌiksemateks taÌhenduslikeks ruÌhmadeks. Segamudelite abil leidsime, et ruÌhmade tekkimisel olid statistiliselt olulised koÌik viis tunnust (vertikaalsus, tasakaal, kontakt, voÌimelisus ja liikumisvoÌime). Erinevate statistiliste analuÌuÌside tulemusi kombineerides jaÌreldasime, et koÌige tugevamalt olid eesti keele koÌnelejate jaoks fuÌuÌsilised seisma taÌhendused seotud vertikaalsuse ja liikumisvoÌimega, kuid abstraktsete seisma taÌhenduste seotus tunnustega ei olnud nii selgepiiriline. See tulemus viitab asjaolule, et seisma abstraktsed taÌhendused ei tugine uÌheselt seismise fuÌuÌsilisele kogemusele ning seos fuÌuÌsilise seismise ja seisma abstraktsete taÌhenduste vahel vajab edasist uurimist.
Abstract. Ann Veismann, Mariann Proos, Piia Taremaa: Are jam and bus still standing? Polysemy of seisma âto standâ in Estonian and the physical experience of standing. The present paper takes the polysemy of the Estonian position verb seisma âto standâ as its focus. We use a conceptual feature rating task to find out how Estonian speakers perceive the different meanings of seisma âto standâ. We used sentences from Renate Pajusalu (2001a. Kas moos ja buss seisavad sarnaselt ehk vaÌike katse verbiga âseismaâ. In Reet Kasik (ed.), Keele kannul. PuÌhendusteos Mati Erelti 60. suÌnnipaÌevaks, 250â274. Tartu: Tartu UÌlikooli Kirjastus) to represent the meanings and asked native Estonian speakers to rate the connection of these sentences to five features: verticality, contact, balance, enablement, and mobility. We applied hierarchical clustering and mixed-effects modelling to analyse the results. For Estonian speakers, verticality and ability to move are the features most connected to the physical experience of standing. Abstract meanings of seisma, however, did not show such uniform behaviour. This result suggests that the abstract meanings of seisma âto standâ are not based on the physical experience of standing in a clear-cut manner, and that the connection between abstract meanings of seisma and the physical experience of standing requires more research attention
Saateks erinumbrile âTeoreetilisest keeleteadusest Eestis IIIâ
Introduction to the special issue âTheoretical linguistics in Estonia III
TuumsÔnade semantikat ja pragmaatikat
Kopeerimine ja printimine lubatudhttp://tartu.ester.ee/record=b1666240~S1*es
Eesti taeva tÀhendused
SĂ”na taevas on peetud balti vĂ”i veel vanemaks indoeuroopa laenuks eesti keeles. Selle laensĂ”naga vĂ€ljendati peale taevaruumi ka taevasi ja ĂŒleloomulikke-jumalikke nĂ€htusi. Artiklis avame sĂ”na taevas etĂŒmoloogilist tausta ning seejĂ€rel analĂŒĂŒsime sĂ”na tĂ€hendusi ja kasutusmustreid tĂ€napĂ€eva eesti kirjakeeles ja murretes. NĂ€itame, kuidas ruumilises asukoha tĂ€henduses vĂ”ib sĂ”na taevas olla mĂ”istetud nii objekti, pinna kui ka mahutina. Samuti kĂ”rvutame sĂ”na taevas kasutust sĂ”na jumal kasutustega, osutamaks, et taevas jumala asukohana vĂ”imaldab metonĂŒĂŒmia KOHT TEGIJA ASEMEL ning sellega sĂ”na taevas mitmekesise kasutuse agendi positsioonis.Abstract. Ann Veismann, Anni JĂŒrine, Karl Pajusalu, Renate Pajusalu and Ilona Tragel: taevas âsky, heavenâ in Estonian. The word taevas in Estonian is considered to be a loan word of Baltic or possibly early Indo-European origin. Taevas has been used to refer to the sky as well as to heaven and heavenly phenomena. This study focuses on the etymology of taevas, and analyses the semantics and collocates of taevas in Estonian dialects and written Estonian. It is demonstrated that, when referring to spatial location, the word taevas may be interpreted as an object, a surface or a container. When taevas is used to refer to heaven, i.e. the location of God in Christianity, the metonymy location for the agent motivates numerous uses where taevas acts as the agent. Such usages are contrasted to usage patterns of Jumal âGodâ.Keywords: Standard Estonian; Estonian dialects; the word taevas âsky, heavenâ; language history; semantics; polysemy; metonym
Semantics of Estonian Adpositions and Adverbs
Töö âEesti keele kaas- ja mÀÀrsĂ”nade semantika vĂ”imalusiâ kĂ€sitleb lĂ€hemalt eesti keele kaas- ja mÀÀrsĂ”nu ĂŒle ja peale ning abimÀÀrsĂ”nu alla, ĂŒles, maha, edasi, tagasi, ette. Töö teoreetiliseks aluseks on kognitiivne keeleteadus.
Töös on kaheksa peatĂŒkki. Alguses antakse lĂŒhike ĂŒlevaade ĂŒldiselt kognitiivsest semantikast, ruumisĂ”navara uuringutest kognitiivses lingvistikas, kaas- ja mÀÀrsĂ”nade semantika kĂ€sitlemise vĂ”imalustest ning uurimismeetoditest. SeejĂ€rel analĂŒĂŒsitakse korpuse andmeid ja vĂ”rreldakse neid katselisel teel saadud andmetega. SĂ”nade ĂŒle ja peale polĂŒseemiat kĂ€sitletakse kahel viisil, skeemkujutlusest lĂ€htuvalt ja prototĂŒĂŒbi kaudu. Skeemkujutlusest lĂ€htuva kĂ€sitluse aluseks on ruumisuhteid vĂ€ljendavate kaas- ja mÀÀrsĂ”nade semantika vĂ”imalikud seosed inimese ruumitaju ja âkogemusega. Pakutakse vĂ€lja, et sĂ”nadega ĂŒle ja peale seotud skeemkujutlused (tee, katmine, vertikaalsus) toetuvad vĂ”imalusele vaadelda ĂŒht ja sama stseeni eri vaatenurkade alt. PrototĂŒĂŒbist lĂ€htuv kĂ€sitlus nĂ€itab sĂ”nade ĂŒle ja peale kasutuste arengut prototĂŒĂŒpsest ruumilisest abstraktsemaks ja grammatilisemaks.
Viimasena vaatleb töö afiksaaladverbidega alla, ĂŒles, maha, edasi, tagasi, ette moodustatavate ĂŒhendverbide kasutusi ja nende kasutuste vĂ”imalikku seost afiksaaladverbi otsese ruumilise (suunda nĂ€itava) tĂ€hendusega. Töös leitakse, et horisontaalsuunda nĂ€itavate adverbidega (edasi, tagasi, ette) moodustatud ĂŒhendverbid vĂ€ljendavad sageli aspektilaadselt jĂ€tkumist, kordumist, samas kui vertikaalsuunda vĂ€ljendavate adverbidega (alla, ĂŒles, maha) ĂŒhendverbid vĂ€ljendavad lĂ”ppemist, kadumist. See tĂ€hendab, et ruumitĂ€henduslike afiksaaladverbidega ĂŒhendverbides kajastub inimese kogemus liikumisest ruumis (horisontaalsuunas vĂ”ib see olla pidev, vertikaalsuunas on see lĂ”ppev). The present thesis addresses the semantics of Estonian adpositions and adverbs ĂŒle âoverâ, peale âontoâ, edasi âforward, onâ, tagasi âbackâ, ette âaheadâ, alla âdownâ, maha âdownâ, ĂŒles âupâ from the perspective of cognitive linguistics.
The doctoral thesis consists of eight chapters. The first part provides an overview of cognitive semantics, research carried out on spatial language within cognitive linguistics, the different possibilities of studying the semantics of adpositions and adverbs, and the methodology used in the thesis. Next, corpus data is analysed and the results are compared with the data gathered using experimental methods. The polysemy of ĂŒle âoverâ and peale âontoâ is approached from two perspectives â proceeding from the image schema and the prototype. The bases of the approach which proceeds from the image schema are the connections of the adpositional and adverbial semantics to human spatial perception and experience. It is proposed that the image schemas related to the words ĂŒle and peale (path, covering, verticality) are based on the possibility of viewing one and the same scene from different perspectives. The approach proceeding from the prototype describes the development of the use of ĂŒle and peale from the prototypical spatial use to a more abstract and grammatical use.
The final part of the thesis looks at the uses of phrasal verbs formed with the following particles: alla âdownâ, ĂŒles âupâ, maha âdownâ, edasi âforward, onâ, tagasi âbackâ, ette âaheadâ. Furthermore, the thesis studies the possible connection of these affixal adverbs with the direct spatial meaning (which indicate direction). It is demonstrated that the phrasal verbs formed with particles indicating horizontal direction (edasi, tagasi, ette) frequently express aspectual continuation, repetition of an action, while as particles indicating vertical direction (alla, ĂŒles, maha) express termination, completedness, disappearance in phrasal verbs. This means that the phrasal verbs containing spatial particles reflect the human experience of movement in space â in the horizontal direction it can be continuous, while as in the vertical direction it is completed