Cytogenetic Analysis Of Four Central Amazonian Species Of Colostethus (anura - Dendrobatidae) With A Diploid Complement Of 22 Chromosomes

Colostethus marchesianus from the type locality and three related species had 2n = 22 chromosomes, which differed from most other Colostethus species that have 2n = 24 chromosomes. The species analyzed were morphologically similar and showed a conservative karyotype, although they could be distinguished from each other by their C-banding pattern. Additional NOR sites, heteromorphism in NOR size and heterochromatin, and an additional rDNA site detected by FISH, were observed. These data suggest that chromosomal rearrangements and hetrochromatin-related events may have contributed to the karyotype differentiation of these Colostethus.1393189198Aguiar-Jr., O., Lima, A.P., Giaretta, A.A., Cytogenetics analysis of four poison frogs of the Epipedobates genus (Anura - Dendrobatidae) (2002) Herpetologica, 58, pp. 293-303Bogart, J.P., The influence of life history on karyotypic evolution in frogs (1991) Amphibian Cytogenetics and Evolution, pp. 233-258. , In: Green, D. M. and Sessions, S. K. (eds)Academic PressBogart, J.P., Hedges, D.S.B., Rapid chromosome evolution in Jamaican frogs of the genus Eleuterodactylus (Leptodactylidae) (1995) J. Zool. Lond., 235, pp. 9-31Busin, C.S., Vinciprova, G., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Chromosomal rearrangements as the source of variation in the number of chromosomes in Pseudis (Amphibia-Anura) (2001) Genetica, 110, pp. 131-141Coloma, L.A., Ecuadorian frogs of the genus Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) (1995) Univ. Kansas Nat. Hist. Mus., Miscell. Publ., 87, pp. 1-72Duellman, W.E., Trueb, L., (1986) Biology of Amphibians, , McGraw-HillFoote, D.L., Willey, J.E., Little, M.L., Ribosomal RNA gene site polymorphism in Bufo terrestris (1991) Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 57, pp. 196-199Frost, D.R., Amphibian species of the world (2002), http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.htm, An on-line reference. Ver. 2.21Gascon, C., Population and community level analyses of species occurrences of central Amazonian rain forest tadpoles (1991) Ecology, 72, pp. 1731-1746Green, M.D., Sessions, S.K., Nomenclature for chromosomes (1991) Amphibian Cytogenetics and Evolution, pp. 431-432. , In: Green, D. M. and Sessions, S. K. (eds)Academic PressHero, J.M., An illustrated key to tadpoles occurring in the central Amazon rainforest, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil (1990) Amazoniana, 11, pp. 201-262Hillis, D.M., The phylogeny of amphibians: Current knowledge and the role of cytogenetics (1991) Amphibian Cytogenetics and Evolution, pp. 7-31. , In: Green, D. M. and Sessions, S. K. (eds)Academic PressHowell, W.M., Black, D.A., Controlled silver-staining of nucleolus organizer regions with a protective colloidal developer: A 1 step method (1980) Experientia, 36, pp. 1014-1015Kaiser, H., Steinlein, C., Feichtinger, W., Chromosome banding of six dendrobatid frogs (Colostethus, Mannophryne) (2003) Herpetologica, 59, pp. 203-218King, M., C-banding studies on Australian hylid frogs: Secondary constriction structure and the concept of euchromatin transformation (1980) Chromosoma, 80, pp. 191-217King, M., Rofe, R., Karyotypic variation in the Australian gekko Phyllodactylus marmoratus (Gray) (Gekkonidae: Reptilia) (1976) Chromosoma, 54, pp. 75-87King, M., Contreras, N., Honeycutt, R.T., Variation within and between nucleolar regions in Australian hylid frogs (Anura) shown by 18S and 28S in-situ hybridization (1990) Genetica, 80, pp. 17-29León, P.E., Report of the chromosome numbers of some Costa Rican anurans (1970) Rev. Biol. Trop., 17, pp. 119-124Lima, A.P., Caldwell, J.P., A new Amazonian species of Colostethus with sky blue digits (2001) Herpetologica, 57, pp. 180-189Lourenço, L.B., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Cardoso, A.J., Polymorphism of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in Physalaemus petersi (Amphibia, Anura Leptodactylidae) detected by silver staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (1998) Chromosome Res., 6, pp. 621-628Lourenço, L.B., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Cardoso, A.J., Two karyotypes, heteromorphic sex chromosomes and C-band variability in Physalaemus petersi (Anura, Leptodactylidae) (1999) Can. J. Zool., 36, pp. 301-306Lourenço, L.B., Garcia, P.C.A., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Cytogenetics of two species of Paratelmatobius (Anura: Leptodactylidae), with phylogenetic comments (2000) Hereditas, 133, pp. 201-209Lynch, J.D., Two new species of poison-dart frogs (Colostethus) from Colombia (1982) Herpetologica, 38, pp. 366-374Meunier-Rotival, M., Cortadas, J., Macaya, G., Isolation and organization of calf ribosomal DNA (1979) Nucleic Acids Res., 6, pp. 2109-2123Miura, I., Two differential groups of the Japanese toad, Bufo japonicus japonicus, demonstrated by C-banding analysis of chromosome (1995) Caryologia, 48, pp. 123-136Miura, I., Nishioka, M., Borkin, L.J., The origin of the brown frogs with 2n = 24 chromosomes (1995) Experientia, 51, pp. 179-188Myers, C.W., Paolillo, A., Daly, J.W., Discovery of a defensively malodorous and nocturnal frog in the family Dendrobatidae: Phylogenetic significance of a new genus and species from the Venezuelan Andes (1991) Am. Mus. Novitates, 3002, pp. 2-33Rada De Martínez, D., Cariotipo de Colostethus trinitatis (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) (1976) Acta Biol. Venez., 9, pp. 213-220Rasotto, M.B., Cardellini, P., Sala, M., Karyotypes of five species of Dendrobatidae (Anura: Amphibia) (1987) Herpetologica, 43, pp. 177-182Schmid, M., Chromosome banding in Amphibia I. Constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions in Bufo and Hyla (1978) Chromosoma, 66, pp. 361-368Schmid, M., Chromosome banding in Amphibia II. Constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions in Ranidae, Microhylidae and Rhacophoridae (1978) Chromosoma, 68, pp. 131-148Schmid, M., Chromosome banding in Amphibia V. Highly differentiated ZW/ZZ sex chromosomes and exceptional genome size in Pyxicephalus adspersus (Anura, Ranidae) (1980) Chromosoma, 80, pp. 69-96Schmid, M., Chromosome banding in Amphibia VII. Analysis of the structure and variability of NORs in Anura (1982) Chromosoma, 87, pp. 327-344Schmid, M., Steinley, C., Nanda, I., Chromosome banding in Amphibia (1990) Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles, pp. 21-45. , In: Olmo, E. (ed.)Birkhäuser VerlagSchmid, M., Feichtinger, W., Weimer, R., Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XXI. Inversion polymorphism and nucleolus organizer regions in Agalychnis callidryas (Anura, Hylidae) (1995) Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 69, pp. 18-26Silva, A.P.Z., Haddad, C.F.B., Kasahara, S., Nucleolus organizer regions in Physalaemus cuvieri (Anura, Leptodactylidae), with evidence of a unique case of Ag-NOR variability (1999) Hereditas, 131, pp. 135-141Sumner, A.T., A simple technique for demonstrating centromeric heterochromatin (1972) Exp. Cell Res., 75, pp. 304-306Veiga-Menoncello, A.C.P., Lima, A.P., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Cytogenetics of two central Amazonian species of Colostethus (Anura, Dendrobatidae) with nidicolous tadpole (2003) Caryologia, 56, pp. 253-260Viegas-Péquignot, E., In situ hybridization to chromosomes with biotinylated probes (1992) In Situ Hybridization: A Practical Approach, pp. 137-158. , In: Willernson, D. (ed.)Oxford Univ. Press, IRL PressWiley, J.E., Little, M.L., Romano, M.A., Polymorphism in the location of the 18S and 28S rDNA genes on the chromosomes of the diploid-tetraploid treefrogs Hyla chrysoscelis and Hyla versicolor (1989) Chromosome, 97, pp. 481-48

Chromosomal Study Of Colostethus Brunneus From The Type Locality And Two Related Species (anura - Dendrobatidae)

In this paper, we report a chromosomal study of three Brazilian species of Colostethus, C. brunneus from the type locality, Colostethus sp. (aff. trilineatus), and Colostethus sp., which is morphologically similar to C. brunneus. The diploid number for C. brunneus was 2n = 24 chromosomes, in agreement with that previously described for specimens from Peru. Colostethus sp. (aff. trilineatus) and Colostethus sp. showed a very similar karyotype with 22 chromosomes. The NOR was located on pair 3 in C. brunneus, on pair 4 in Colostethus sp. (aff. trilineatus), and on pair 2 in Colostethus sp. In one specimen of Colostethus sp., an additional NOR site was located on pair 7 in only one of the homologs. This extra Ag-NOR site was confirmed by FISH using an rDNA probe. In addition to the NOR location, the C-banding pattern was also species-specific, despite the similar chromosomal morphology of the species. These results indicate that although these species may be closely related, there is a clear dichotomy in their chromosome number. © Springer 2006.12601/02/15179187Bogart, J.P., Green, D.M., Amphibian, K.S., The influence of life history on karyotypic evolution in frogs (1991) Cytogenetics and Evolution, pp. 233-258. , Sessions Academic Press San DiegoColoma, L.A., Ecuadorian frogs of the genus Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) (1995) Univ. Kansas Nat. Hist. Mus., Miscell. Publ., 87, pp. 1-72Foote, D.L., Wiley, J.E., Little, M.L., Meyne, J., Ribosomal RNA gene site polymorphism in Bufo terrestris (1991) Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 57, pp. 196-199Frost, D.R., (2004) Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 3.0, , http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index/html, (22 August, 2004). Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, USAGrant, T., Humphrey, E.C., Myers, C.W., The median lingual process of frogs: A bizarre character of old world ranoids discovered in South American Dendrobatids (1997) Am. Mus. Novit., 3212, pp. 1-40Grant, T., Rodríguez, L.O., Two new species of frogs of the genus Colostethus (Dendrobatidae) from Peru and a redescription of C. trilineatus (Boulenger, 1883) (2001) Am. Mus. Novit., 3355, pp. 1-21Green, M.D., Sessions, S.K., Green, D.M., Amphibian, K.S., Nomenclature for chromosomes (1991) Cytogenetics and Evolution Sessions, pp. 431-432. , Academic Press San DiegoHowell, W.M., Black, D.A., Controlled silver-staining of nucleolus organizer regions with a protective colloidal developer: A 1 step method (1990) Experientia, 36, pp. 1014-1015Kaiser, H., Steinlein, C., Feichtinger, W., Schmid, M., Chromosome banding of six dendrobatid frogs (Colostethus, Mannophryne) (2003) Herpetologica, 59, pp. 203-218King, M., Rofe, R., Karyotypic variation in the Australian gekko Phyllodactylus marmoratus (Gray) (Gekkonidae: Reptilia) (1976) Chromosoma, 54, pp. 75-87La Marca, E., Vences, M., Lötters, S., Rediscovery and mitochondrial relationships of the dendrobatid frog Colostethus humilis suggest parallel colonization of the Venezuelan Andes by poison frogs (2002) Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ., 37, pp. 233-240Lourenço, L.B., Garcia, P.C.A., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Intrageneric karyotypic divergence in Scythrophrys and new insights into the relationship with Paratelmatobius (Anura, Leptodactylidae) (2003) Ital. J. Zool., 70, pp. 183-190Lynch, J., Two new species of poison-dart frogs (Colostethus) from Colombia (1982) Herpetologica, 38, pp. 366-374Meunier-Rotival, M., Cortadas, J., MacAya, G., Bernardi, G., Isolation and organization of calf ribosomal DNA (1979) Nucleic Acids Res., 6, pp. 2109-2123Rivero, J.A., Sobre las relaciones de la especies del género Colostethus (Amphibia, Dendrobatidae) (1988) Mem. Soc. Cienc., Nat. la Salle, 48, pp. 3-32Rivero, J.A., Serna, M.A., La identificación de los Colostethus (Amphibia, Dendrobatidae) de Colombia (1988) Caribb. J. Sci., 24, pp. 137-154Schmid, M., Chromosome banding in Amphibia I. Constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions in Bufo and Hyla (1978) Chromosoma, 66, pp. 361-368Schmid, M., Feichtinger, W., Weimer, R., Mais, C., Bolaños, F., León, P., Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XXI. Inversion polymorphism and nucleolus organizer regions in Agalychnis callidryas (Anura, Hylidae). Cytogent (1995) Cell Genet., 69, pp. 18-26Silva, A.P.Z., Haddad, C.F.B., Kasahara, S., Chromosomal studies on five species of the genus Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 (Amphibia, Anura) using differential staining (2000) Cytobios, 103, pp. 25-38Sumner, A.T., A simple technique for demonstrating centromeric heterochromatin (1972) Exp. Cell Res., 75, pp. 304-306Veiga-Menoncello, A.C.P., Lima, A.P., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Cytogenetics of two central Amazonian species of Colostethus (Anura, Dendrobatidae) with nidicolous tadpoles (2003) Caryologia, 56, pp. 253-260Veiga-Menoncello, A.C.P., Lima, A.P., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Cytogenetic analysis of four central Amazonian species of Colostethus (Anura - Dendrobatidae) with a diploid complement of 22 chromosomes (2003) Hereditas, 139, pp. 189-198Vences, M., Kosuch, J., Boistel, R., Haddad, C.F.B., La Marca, E., Lötters, S., Veith, M., Convergent evolution of aposematic coloration in Neotropical frogs: A molecular phylogenetic perspective (2003) Org. Divers. Evol., 3, pp. 215-226Vences, M., Kosuch, J., Lötters, S., Widmer, A., Köhler, J., Jungfer, K.-H., Veith, M., Phylogeny and classification of poison frogs (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae), based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S ribosomal RNA genes sequences (2000) Mol. Phylog. Evol., 15, pp. 34-40Viegas-Péquignot, E., Willernson, D., In situ hybridization to chromosomes with biotinylated probes (1992) In Situ Hybridization: A Practical Approach, pp. 137-158. , Oxford University Press IRL Press Oxfor

A New Species Of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-ribeiro, 1926 (anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) From Northwestern State Of São Paulo, Brazil

A new species of Pseudopaludicola is described from human-altered areas originally covered by Semideciduous Forest in northwestern state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Morphologically, the new species differs from four species belonging to the P. pusilla group by the absence of either T-shaped terminal phalanges or toe tips expanded, and from all other congeners except P. canga and P. facureae by possessing an areolate vocal sac, with dark reticulation. The higher duration (300-700 ms) of each single, pulsed note (9-36 nonconcatenated pulses) that compose the call in the new species distinguishes it from all other 14 species of Pseudopaludicola with calls already described (10-290 ms). Absence of harmonics also differ the advertisement call of the new species from the call of its sister species P. facureae, even though these two species presented unexpected low genetic distances. Although we could not identify any single morphological character distinguishing the new species from P. facureae, a PCA and DFA performed using 12 morphometric variables evidenced significant size differences between these two species.38613249264Andrade, F.S., Carvalho, T.R., A new species of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro (Leiuperinae: Leptodactylidae: Anura) from the Cerrado of southeastern Brazil (2013) Zootaxa, 3608, pp. 389-397. , http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3608.5.7Cardozo, D., Suárez, P., Osteological description of Pseudopaludicola canga with implications for the taxonomic position of this taxon (2012) Zootaxa, 3515, pp. 75-82Cardozo, D., Toledo, L.F., Taxonomic status of Pseudopaludicola riopiedadensis Mercadal de Barrio and Barrio, 1994 (Anura, Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae) (2013) Zootaxa, 3734 (5), pp. 571-582. , http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3734.5.6Carvalho, T.R., A new species of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro (Leiuperinae: Leptodactylidae: Anura) from the Cerrado of southeastern Brazil with a distinctive advertisement call pattern (2012) Zootaxa, 3328, pp. 47-54De La Riva, I., Köhler, J., Lötters, S., Reichle, S., Ten years of research on Bolivian amphibians: Updated checklist, distribution, taxonomic problems, literature and iconography (2000) Revista Española Herpetologica, 14, pp. 19-164Duarte, T.C., Veiga-Menoncello, A.C.P., Lima, J.F.R., Strüssmann, C., Del Grande, M.L., Giaretta, A.A., Pereira, E.G., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Chromosome analysis in Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae), with description of sex chromosomes XX/XY in P. saltica (2010) Hereditas, 147, pp. 43-52. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.2009.02153.xDuellman, W.E., The Hylid Frogs of Middle America (1970) Monograph of the Museum of Natural History of University of Kansas, 1, pp. 1-753Duré, M.I., Schaefer, E.F., Hamann, M.I., Kehr, A.I., Consideraciones ecológicas sobre la dieta, la reproducción y el parasitismo de Pseudopaludicola boliviana (Anura, Leptodactylidae) de Corrientes, Argentina (2004) Phyllomedusa, 3, pp. 121-131. , http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v3i2p121-131Fávero, E.R., Veiga-Menoncello, A.C.P., Rossa-Feres, D.C., Strüssmann, C., Giaretta, A.A., Andrade, G.V., Colombo, P., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Intrageneric karyotypic variation in Pseudopaludicola (Anura: Leiuperidae) and its taxonomic relatedness (2011) Zoological Studies, 50, pp. 826-836Frost, D.R., (2014) Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.0, , http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/, New York, USA. 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Osteología y distribución de las espécies estudiadas (1996) Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 43, pp. 327-346Lötters, S., Schmitz, A., Reichle, S., Rödder, D., Quennet, V., Another case of cryptic diversity in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae: Ameerega) - Description of a new species from Bolivia (2009) Zootaxa, 2028, pp. 20-30Lynch, J.D., A review of the leptodactylid frogs of the genus Pseudopaludicola in northern South America (1989) Copeia, 1989, pp. 577-588. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445483Magalhães, F.M., Loebmann, D., Kokubum, M.N.C., Haddad, C.F.B., Garda, A.A., A new species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) from northeastern Brazil (2014) Herpetologica, 70, pp. 77-88. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-13-00054Martinelli, L.A., Filoso, S., Expansion of sugar ethanol production in Brazil: Environmental and social challenges (2008) Ecological Applications, 18, pp. 885-898. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1813.1McLister, J.D., Stevens, E.D., Bogart, J., Comparative contractile dynamics of calling and locomotor muscles in three hylid frogs (1995) Journal of Experimental Biology, 198, pp. 1527-1538Miranda-Ribeiro, A., Alguns batrachios novos das collecc¸ões do Museu Nacional (1937) O Campo, pp. 66-69Necchi, O., Jr., (2011) Fauna and Flora of Remnant Forest Fragments in the São Paulo State Northwest Region, , http://media.fapesp.br/bv/uploads/publicacoes/pasta_biota_40.pdf, BIOTA-FAPESP Program. São Paulo. Available from: (accessed 1 June 2013)Pansonato, A., Morais, D.H., Ávila, R.W., Kawashita Ribeiro, R.A., Strüssmann, C., Martins, I.A., A new species of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Anura: Leiuperidae) from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, with comments on the geographic distribution of Pseudopaludicola canga Giaretta & Kokubum, 2003 (2012) Zootaxa, 3523, pp. 49-58Pansonato, A., Mudrek, J.R., Rodrigues, T.F.D., Strüssmann, C., Martins, I.A., Ocorrência simpátrica de espécies do gênero Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Anura, Leiuperidae) em diferentes tipos de ambientes úmidos (2012) Anais Do I Congresso Brasileiro de Áreas Úmidas - Água, Alimento, Energia, No Presente e No Futuro (I CONBRAU). CPP, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, pp. 220-222Pansonato, A., Strüssmann, C., Mudrek, J.R., Martins, I.A., Morphometric and bioacoustic data on three species of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) described from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil, with the revalidation of Pseudopaludicola ameghini (Cope, 1887) (2013) Zootaxa, 3620 (1), pp. 147-162. , http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3620.1.7Pansonato, A., Mudrek, J.R., Simioni, F., Martins, I.A., Strüssmann, C., Geographical variation in morphological and bioacoustic traits of Pseudopaludicola mystacalis (Cope, 1887) and a reassessment of the taxonomic status of Pseudopaludicola serrana Toledo, 2010 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) (2014) Advances in Zoology, pp. 1-13. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/563165, 563165Pereira, E.G., Nascimento, L.B., Descric¸ão da vocalizac¸ão e do girino de Pseudopaludicola mineira Lobo, 1994, com notas sobre a morfologia de adultos (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) (2004) Arquivos Do Museu Nacional, 62, pp. 233-240(2012) The R Project for Statistical Computing, , http://www.rproject.org/, Vienna, Austria. Available from: (accessed 30 January 2013)Roberto, I.J., Cardozo, D., Ávila, R.W., A new species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae) from western Piauí state, northeast Brazil (2013) Zootaxa, 3636 (2), pp. 348-360. , http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3636.2.6Santos, T.G., Rossa-Feres, D.C., Casatti, L., Diversidade e distribuic¸ão espac¸o-temporal de anuros em região com pronunciada estac¸ão seca no sudeste do Brasil (2007) Iheringia, 97, pp. 37-49. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007000100007Silva, R.A., Martins, I.A., Rossa-Feres, D.C., Bioacústica e sítio de vocalizac¸ão em taxocenoses de anfíbios de áreas aberta no noroeste paulista (2008) Biota Neotropica, 8, pp. 123-134Silva, R.A., Martins, I.A., Rossa-Feres, D.C., Environmental heterogeneity: Anuran diversity in homogeneous environments (2011) Zoologia, 28, pp. 610-618. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702011000500009Silva, F.R., Candeira, C.P., Rossa-Feres, D.C., Dependence of anuran diversity on environmental descriptors in farmland ponds (2012) Biodiversity and Conservation, 21, pp. 1411-1424. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0252-zTamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., Kumar, S., MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods (2011) Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, pp. 2731-2739. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121Taylor, W.R., Van Dyke, G.C., Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study (1985) Cybium, 9, pp. 107-119Toledo, L.F., Siqueira, S., Duarte, T.C., Veiga-Menoncello, A.C.P., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Haddad, C.F.B., Description of a new species of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 from the state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil (Anura, Leiuperidae) (2010) Zootaxa, 2498, pp. 38-48Veiga-Menoncello, A.C.P., Lourenc¸o, L.B., Strüssmann, C., Rossa-Feres, D.C., Andrade, G.V., Giaretta, A.A., Recco- Pimente, S.M., A phylogenetic analysis of Pseudopaludicola (Anura) providing evidence of progressive chromosome reduction (2014) Zoologica Scripta, 43, pp. 261-272. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12048Vences, M., Thomas, M., Bonett, R.M., Vieites, D.R., Deciphering amphibian diversity through DNA barcoding: Chances and challenges (2005) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 360, pp. 1859-1868. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1717Vences, M., Köhler, J., Vieites, D.R., Glaw, F., Molecular and bioacoustic differentiation of deep conspecific lineages of the Malagasy treefrogs Boophis tampoka and B. luteus (2011) Herpetology Notes, 4, pp. 239-246Vieites, D.R., Wollenberg, K.C., Andreone, F., Köhler, J., Glaw, F., Vences, M., Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory (2009) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 106, pp. 8267-827

Description Of A New Species Of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-ribeiro, 1926 From The State Of Ss̃o Paulo, Southeastern Brazil (anura, Leiuperidae)

We describe here a new species of Pseudopaludicola (P. murundu sp. nov.) that is found in the central portion of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This new species is related to P. saltica, from which it distinguishes by the presence of a single, dark, and subgular vocal sac with dark longitudinal folds in males, immaculate to light brown nuptial pads in males that cover the external part of the finger I, from the wrist to the second phalanx, and 11 pairs of chromosomes without heteromorphic sex chromosomes. From all other species of the genus it distinguishes by presenting very long hindlimbs, with tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond the end of the snout, and absence of T-shaped terminal phalanges. Tadpoles, advertisement call, and the karyotype are described as well. Copyright © 2010.24963848Altig, R., A key to the tadpoles of the continental United States and Canada (1970) Herpetologica, 26, pp. 180-207Altig, R., McDiarmid, R.W., Body plan: Development and morphology (1999) Tadpoles: The Biology of Anuran Larvae, pp. 24-51. , R. W. McDiarmid & R. Altig (Eds), University of Chicago Press, ChicagoCei, J.M., Amphibians of Argentina (1980) Monitore Zoologica Italiano, New Series Monografia, 2, pp. 1-609Duellman, W.E., Society for the study of amphibians and reptiles, Ithaca, New York (2001) The Hylid Frogs of Middle America, p. 1252Duarte, T.C., Veiga-Menoncello, A.C.P., Lima, J.F.R., Strüssmann, C., Del Grande, M.L., Giaretta, A.A., Pereira, E.G., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Chromosome analysis in Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae), with description of sex chromosomes XX/XY in P. saltica (2010) Hereditas, , DOI: 10.1111/j.1601- 5223.2009.02153.xEterovick, P.C., Brandão, R.A., A description of the tadpoles and advertisement calls of members of the Hyla pseudopseudis group (2001) Journal of Herpetology, 35, pp. 442-450Fávero, E.R., (2008) Caracterização Citogenética de Espécies e Populações de Pseudopaludicola, p. 64. , Unpublished MSc. dissertationFrost, D.R., (2009) Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference, , http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/, Version 5.3 American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA, Available from, (12 February, 2009)Giaretta, A.A., Facure, K., Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae) (2009) Journal of Natural History, 43, pp. 15-16Gosner, K.L., A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification (1960) Herpetologica, 16, pp. 183-190Green, D.M., Sessions, S.K., Nomenclature for chromosomes (1991) Amphibian Cytogenetics and Evolution, pp. 431-432. , Green, D. M. & Sessions, S. K. (Eds), San Diego, Academic PressHaddad, C.F.B., Cardoso, A.J., Taxonomia de três espécies de Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leptodactylidae) (1987) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36 (24), pp. 287-300Heyer, W.R., Rand, A.S., Cruz, C.A.G., Peixoto, O.L., Nelson, C.E., Frogs of boracéia (1990) Arquivos de Zoologia, 31 (4), pp. 235-410Howell, W.M., Black, D.A., Controlled silver staining of nucleolus organizer regions with a protective colloidal developer: A 1step method (1980) Experientia, 36, pp. 1014-1015King, M., Rofe, R., Karyotypic variation in the Australian gekko phyllodactylus marmoratus (Gray) (Gekkonidae: Reptilia) (1976) Chromosoma, 54, pp. 75-87Lannoo, M.J., Integration: Nervous and sensory systems (1999) Tadpoles: The Biology of Anuran Larvae, pp. 149-169. , McDiarmid, R. W. & Altig R. (Eds), University of Chicago Press, ChicagoLynch, J.D., (1989) A Review of the Leptodactylid Frogs of the Genus Pseudopaludicola in Northern South America, 1989 (3), pp. 577-588. , CopeiaMyers, G.W., Duellman, W.E., A new species of Hyla from Cerro Colorado, and other tree frog records and geographical notes from western Panama (1982) American Museum Novitates, 2752, pp. 1-32Schmid, M., Chromosome banding in amphibia. I. Constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions in Bufo and Hyla (1978) Chromosoma, 66 (4), pp. 361-388Siqueira, S., Aguiar Jr., O., Strüsmann, C., Del-Grande, M.L., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Chromosomal analysis of three Brazilian "eleutherodactyline" frogs (Anura: Terrarana), with suggestion of a new species (2008) Zootaxa, 1860, pp. 51-59Sumner, A.T., A simple technique for demonstrating centromeric heterochromatin (1972) Experimental Cell Research, 75, pp. 304-306Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M., Kumar, S., MEGA4: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0 (2007) Moecular Biology and Evolution, 24, pp. 1596-1599Toledo, L.F., Haddad, C.F.B., Acoustic repertoire and calling site of Scinax fuscomarginatus (Anura, Hylidae) (2005) Journal of Herpetology, 39 (3), pp. 455-46

Two New Species Of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-ribeiro, 1926 (anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) From Eastern Bolivia And Western Brazil

Two new species of Pseudopaludicola from midwestern Brazil are described. One of them, distributed in Bolivian and Brazilian areas within the Upper Paraguay and Upper Guaporé river basins, is characterized by the presence of a conspicuous conical tubercle on each heel, by T-shaped terminal phalanges, and so belongs to the formally recognized Pseudopaludicola pusilla group. The advertisement call is composed of a series of 14-720 notes with concatenated pulses-each lasting for 5-25 ms-and mean dominant frequency of 5071 ± 242 Hz. The second species, restricted to the southeastern-most region of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, is characterized mainly by a 2n = 18 karyotype, an advertisement call composed of series of 12-287 notes with concatenated pulses and mean dominant frequency of 4167.7 ± 287.5 Hz. A detailed description of the karyotype of this latter species is also provided. © 2016 by The Herpetologists' League, Inc.72323525

A Phylogenetic Analysis Of Pseudopaludicola (anura) Providing Evidence Of Progressive Chromosome Reduction

Here, we present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical genus Pseudopaludicola focusing on species relationships including 11 of the 17 known species of Pseudopaludicola; several samples of Pseudopaludicola are not assigned to any species; and 34 terminal species as an outgroup. The study was based on the analysis of approximately 2.3 kb of the sequence of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA, tRNAval and 16S rRNA genes through maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction approaches. Our results showed that Pseudopaludicola is a well-supported monophyletic group organized into four major clades and confirmed that the assemblage of species that lack T-shaped terminal phalanges is paraphyletic with respect to the P. pusilla Group. Chromosomal data mapped on the cladogram showed a direct correlation among the four clades and observed chromosome numbers (2n = 22, 20, 18 and 16) with a progressive reduction in the chromosome number. Overall, our findings suggest that some taxonomic changes are necessary and reinforce the need for a revision of the genus Pseudopaludicola. Copyright © 2014 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters433 May 2014 10.1111/zsc.12048 Original Article Original Articles © 2014 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.433261272Andrade, F.S., Carvalho, T.R., A new species of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro (Leiuperinae: Leptodactylidae: Anura) from the Cerrado of southeastern Brazil (2013) Zootaxa, 3608, pp. 389-397Batistic, R.F., (1970), Estudo cromossômico e mecanismos de especiação em Pseudopaludicola (Leptodactylidae, Anura). Memória de Mestrado em Biologia, Instituto de Biociências da USP, Unpubl. Ms. Diss. Biologia, São Paulo, Brazil: University of São PauloBeçak, M.L., Chromosomal analysis of eighteen species of Anura (1968) Caryologia, 21, pp. 191-208Bokermann, W.C.A., (1996), Lista anotada das localidades tipo de anfíbios brasileiros, Impresso pelo Serviço de Documentação, RUSP, São Paulo, BrasilCannatella, D.C., Duellman, W., Leptodactylid frogs of the Physalaemus postulosus group (1984) Copeia, 4, pp. 902-921Cardozo, D., Lobo, F., Pseudopaludicola mirandae Mercadal de Barrio and Barrio, 1994 (Anura, Leiuperidae) is a junior synonym of Pseudopaludicola boliviana Parker, 1927 (2009) Journal of Herpetology, 43, pp. 685-687Cardozo, D., Suárez, P., Osteological description of Pseudopaludicola canga with implications for the taxonomic position of this taxon (2012) Zootaxa, 3515, pp. 75-82Cardozo, D., Toledo, L.F., Taxonomic status of Pseudopaludicola riopiedadensis Mercadal de Barrio and Barrio, 1994 (Anura, Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae) (2013) Zootaxa, 3734, pp. 571-582Carvalho, T.R., A new species of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro (Leiuperinae: Leptodactylidae: Anura) from the Cerrado of southeastern Brazil with a distinctive advertisement call pattern (2012) Zootaxa, 3328, pp. 47-54Carvalho, K., Garcia, P.C.A., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Cytogenetic comparison of tree frogs of the genus Aplastodiscus and the Hypsiboas faber group (Anura, Hylidae) (2009) Genetics and Molecular Research, 8, pp. 1498-1509Cope, E.D., Synopsis of the Batrachia and Reptilia obtained by H. H. Smith, in the province of Mato Grosso, Brazil (1887) Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 24, pp. 44-60Duarte, T.C., Veiga-Menoncello, A.C.P., Lima, J.R., Strüssmann, C., Del-Grande, M.L., Giaretta, A.A., Pereira, E.G., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Chromosome analysis in Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae), with description of sex chromosomes XX/XY in P. saltica (2010) Hereditas, 147, pp. 43-52Faivovich, J., Ferraro, D.P., Basso, N.G., Haddad, C.F.B., Rodrigues, M.T., Wheeler, W.C., Lavilla, E.O., A phylogenetic analysis of Pleurodema (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences, with comments on the evolution of anuran foam nests (2012) Cladistics, 1, pp. 1-23Fávero, E.R., Veiga-Menoncello, A.C.P., Rossa-Feres, D.C., Strüssmann, C., Giaretta, A.A., Andrade, G.V., Colombo, P., Recco-Pimentel, S.M., Intrageneric karyotypic variation in Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae), and its taxonomic relatedness (2011) Zoological Studies, 50, pp. 826-836Feller, A.E., Hedges, S.B., Molecular evidence for the early history of living amphibians (1998) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 9, pp. 509-516Felsenstein, J., Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approaching using the bootstrap (1985) Evolution, 39, pp. 783-791Fouquet, A., Blotto, B.L., Maronna, M.M., Verdade, V.K., Juncá, F.A., de Sá, R., Rodrigues, M.T., Unexpected phylogenetic positions of the genera Rupirana and Crossodactylodes reveal insights into the biogeography and reproductive evolution of leptodactylid frogs (2013) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 67, pp. 445-457Frost, D.R., (2014), http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html, Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. 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Chromosome Analysis In Pseudopaludicola (anura, Leiuperidae), With Description Of Sex Chromosomes Xx/xy In P. Saltica

Taxonomic changes have frequently occurred in the anuran genus Pseudopaludicola as a consequence of high morphological similarity among its species. The present work reports karyotypic analysis of three Pseudopaludicola species sampled in their type locality and four Pseudopaludicola populations from distinct localities, aiming at contributing to the systematics of this genus. Chromosomes were stained with Giemsa or submitted to the silver staining (Ag-NOR) and C-banding techniques. The karyotype was 2n=22 in P. mineira, Pseudopaludicola sp. and two populations of P. saltica. The chromosome pair 8 was heteromorphic in P. saltica, characterizing a XX/XY sex-determination system with telocentric X and submetacentric Y. Highly similar karyotypes with 2n=18 chromosomes were observed in P. canga, P. aff. canga from Barreirinhas, State of Maranhão, Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais and Icém, State São Paulo. The high similarity among the karyotypes 2n=18 suggested that the populations of P. aff. canga belong to the group 'pusilla', the same group of P. canga. The data demonstrated also that P. aff. canga from Barreirinhas (northeast region) is cytogenetically identical to P. canga with regarding the NOR site position in pair 3 and the presence of a heterochromatic block in the pair 2, whereas P. aff. canga from Uberlândia and Icém (southeast) had the NOR in the pair 9. Moreover, the cytogenetic data discriminated P. mineira and Pseudopaludicola sp. from the previously analyzed species with 22 chromosomes, and suggested that Pseudopaludicola sp. is an undescribed species. 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Cytogenetics of two central Amazonian species of Colostethus

A cytogenetic study of two central Amazonian species of Colostethus with nidicolous tadpoles indicated that Colostethus stepheni had 2n=24 chromosomes, whereas Colostethus nidicola had 2n=22 chromosomes. These species also differed in their NOR localization and C-banding pattern. These results suggest that karyotypic variation with a probable reduction in chromosome number and the presence of nidicolous tadpoles are independent events that may have occurred more than once during dendrobatid evolution. © 2003 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC