Aplicabilidade do método indicador - óxido crômico - para a determinação da digestabilidade aparente em pintos Leghorn

The authors studied the applicability of chromic oxide method in determining the digestibility coefficients of commercial ration in Leghorn chickens. Male Leghorn chickens 47 days old, obtained from a commercial hatchery were divided in two different groups, one with eleven and other with five chickens, which were placed in collective batteries. Water and food were supplied "ad libitum" throughout the experiment. After a seven days preliminary period, ration was controlled and feces collections started according the following scheme: 1. individual feces obtained two times a day. - 7 A.M. and 6 P.M. during five consecutive days. The chicken was placed in an individual cage just the time to eliminate a feces sample; 2. feces per lot collected at 7 A.M. and 6 P.M.; 3. total feces, collected throughout the experiment; 4. daily feces for 24 hours successive periods. The level of chromic oxide indicator added to the ration was 0,27% on dry matter basis. By the orientation which was followed in this work, it seems licit to conclude: a - due to the reduced error causes showed, it seems that the chromic oxide indicator method offers a more accurate digestibility data as compared to the conventional one; b - sucessive collection periods of 24 hours, per group, showed the most accurate results as compared with the total collection; c - in spite of leaving aside individual variations, the adoption of chickens groups for digestibility determination, showed to be an efficient method since the feces collection is adequate; d - the indicator levels, obtained in individual feces or from separate collection, at 7 A.M. or 6 P.M. during five consecutive days, showed extremely low results, as compared with the total collection; e - the recovery tests utilized, were not totally efficient in determining the accuracy of the used method due to the fact that those tests are influenced by various problems such as feces collections and the exact determination of consumed ration.Os autores estudaram em pintos Leghorn o emprego do óxido crômico para a determinação do coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca de ração comercial. As aves foram distribuidas em dois lotes de 11 e 5 pintos, os quais permaneceram em gaiolas coletivas. A ração e as fezes foram pesadas após observar-se período preliminar de sete dias. As fezes foram colhidas de acordo com o esquema seguinte: 1. fezes individuais obtidas às 7 e às 18 horas, separadamente, durante 5 dias consecutivos; 2. fezes por lote às 7 e às 18 horas, colhidas separadamente; 3. fezes totais, colhidas no decorrer do experimento; 4. fezes diárias, por períodos sucessivos de 24 horas (7 e 18 horas). O indicador foi misturado à ração na proporção de 0,27% sobre a matéria seca. Face ao critério adotado no presente experimento, parece-nos lícito formular as seguintes conclusões: 1. o método do óxido crômico, comparado ao convencional, parece oferecer, em aves, coeficientes de digestibilidade mais rigorosos, dadas as reduzidas causas de erro que incidem na sua determinação; 2. utilizando-se concentração de 0,27% de óxido crômico na ração, as colheitas sucessivas de 24 horas, por lote, proporcionam resultados que mais se harmonizam com os da colheita total; 3. a adoção de lotes de aves, para a determinação de digestibilidade, apesar de abolir a variabilidade individual, mostrou constituir-se método eficiente, desde que o critério de colheita de fezes seja adequado; 4. as concentrações do indicador, obtidas em fezes individuais provenientes de colheitas separadas, da manhã e da tarde - 7 e 18 horas - durante 5 dias consecutivos, conferiram coeficientes de digestibilidade extremamente baixos, se confrontados aos consignados através da colheita total; 5. nem sempre os resultados das provas de recuperação traduzem com fidelidade os coeficientes de digestibilidade, uma vez que as mesmas são influenciadas pelos problemas inerentes à colheita de fezes e do consumo de ração

The blood picture of the mules

The authors studied the blood picture on one hundred (50 males and 50 females), in drafting work. Detailed hematologic data are given about the erythrocyte cell (erytrocyte count per mm3, hemoglobin level, packet cell volume, hematologic index), leukocyte count (leukocyte per mm3, differential count) and shift index according Schilling.1. Os valores médios do quadro hemático de 100 muares, empregados em serviço de tração, pela Divisão de Limpeza Publica da Cidade de São Paulo, foram os seguintes: Série eritrocitária Eritrócitos (por mm3) 7.323-190 Hb (g por 100 ml) 10,92 V.G. (hematócrito - %) 37,79 V.C.M. (μ3) 51,60 Hb.C.M. (S S) 14,85 C.Hb.C.M (%)28,70 Série leucocitária Leucócitos (por mm3) 8.458 Contagem diferencial: Granulócitos neutrófilos (%) 55,55 Granulócitos eosinófilos (%) 8.89 Granulócitos basófilos (%) 0,32 Linfócitos (%) 32,53 Monócitos (%) 3,38 Segmentação dos neutrófilos: Metamielócitos (%) - Jovens 0,20 Bastonetes (%) 3,32 Segmentados (%) 52,02 2. Não houve diferença significativa no número de eritrócitos, leucócitos, taxa de hemoglobina, entre machos e femeas. 3. O número de eosinófilos foi maior nas fêmeas que nos machos. 4. Houve predominância dos granulócitos sobre os restantes componentes da fórmula leucocitária. 5. Comparando-se os nossos resultados, com os obtidos para equinos, por outros autores, verificou-se que o volume dos eritrócitos dos muares ó maior que os dos equinos. 6. O índice de desvio de Schilling, calculado pela primeira vez, para os muares, foi de 1:18,05

Avaliação do consumo de forragens e determinação de excreção de fezes, em zebu (Bos Indicus), através dos indicadores: óxido crômico e cromogênios

An experiment was conducted in order to study the applicability of marker techniques - chromic oxide and chromogens - for the purpose of determining the fecal output and measurement of feed intake by Brahman cattle (Bos indicus). The chromic oxide was administered once daily in gelatine capsules. Fecal samples were taken at 6 A.M., noon and 6 P. M. and were totally collected during days, as well. Chromogens expressed in units per gram of roughages or feces (dry basis) and chromium oxide per cent of fecal dry matter, were determined on all the samples. The chromic oxide concentration of feces taken at 6 A.M., noon, 6 P.M. and bulked on seven consecutive days, as well as the mixed feces representing the total amount voided during 7 days period provided no accurate estimates of the total fecal output when the SMITH and REID (’55) equation was applied. The coefficients of correlation between the fecal output values determined conventionally and the estimates secured according SMITH and REID ('55) equation, were + 0.75 and + 0.89 for the total collection and the pooled 6 A.M. and 6 P.M. collection, respectively. Then, after using the SMTHI and REID ('55) equation, were proposed two other regression equations in order to correct the values and to obtain accurate estimates of the total fecal output in Brahman cattle. After correcting the total fecal excretion values it was possible to compute accurate levels of the dry matter intake employing the REID et al ( '50 - '52) equations. The modified procedure suggested by REID et al ('52) for calibrating the method of measuring the chromogens concentration, in the roughages, presented, for the Coleman Universal, model 14, the equation as follows: Y = 54.99-26.92 log X, where: Y = concentration of chromogens in the roughages, expressed in units per 100 ml of extract, X = per cent of transmitted light. In relation with the excretion pattern of feces, as small as + 3.2 g of chromic oxide administered daily, in capsule form showed reduced variation - 8% - among animals. The data suggested also that since the concentrate feeds contain very small quantities of chromogen absorving light at 405 mμ, large error was encountered when the chromogen content was determined on the whole ration. Then, more accurate results may be obtained if the chromogens are determined only on the roughage.O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês

Aplicabilidade dos métodos indicadores - óxido crômico e cromogênios - para a determinação da digestabilidade aparente, em zebu (Bis indicus)

A trial was carried out the objectives of which were: a) to examine the applicability of the indicator methods - chromic oxide and chromogens -, for determining the apparent digestibility and, b) to study the excretion pattern of the two indicators. As experimental animals, were used young Brahman cattle (Bos indicus) that were born free on the range while the experiment was conducted in the stall. A small amount of chromic oxide was administered in gelatin capsules once daily and the animals received a ration containing concentrate and roughages - Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and Guatemala grass (Tripsacum laxum, Nash). Fecal samples were taken at 6 A. M., noon and 6 P. M. Feces were also totally collected during 7 days of the same collection period. Chromic oxide per cent of fecal dry matter and chromogens in units per gram of roughage or feces (dry basis), were determined on all the samples. The results referring to the digestibility obtained by the chromic oxide method comparing with the conventional showed significant differences in total, noon and 6 P. M., collections periods. The pooled values from 6 A. M. and noon, at one side, and 6 A. M.,noon and 6 P. M., at the other, showed no significant differences in relation with the conventional. In spite of the fact that a reduced number of chromogens units was found in the roughages and fecal samples, the results obtained with this method, exception made to the noon collection period, compared with the conventional, showed no significant differences. As it occurs with European cattle, the hand-feed animals showed the highest recovery level of chromic oxide at 6 A. M. and the lowest at 6 P. M. Part of the variability was probably associated with the recognized variation in the total amount of feces voided from day to day and during the hours of the same day. The total fecal output during the interval of time between 6 A. M. till 6 P. M. was 30% higher than during the same period at night. It was also recognized that complete recovery of ingested chromic oxide from the feces is not essential in the computation of digestibility. The data suggested that sampling times should be selected, so that the most accurate estimates of digestibility may be obtained. It appears more important to secure aliquots of feces samples than to obtain equal weights of them due to the large variations in the excretion pattern. The digestibility coefficients found in relation with the nutrients of the ration, disclosed that the chromic oxide method presented also lower results than the other two methods investigated. The highest digestibility levels were found for the crude fiber and fat. In Brahman cattle, it was observed that the preliminary period maybe shortened by five or six days, maybe due to the smaller intestinal tract compared with the European cattle (Bos taurus).O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês

Estudo de processo químico para determinação do valor calórico, em plantas forrageiras

The authors tried to study a rapid and precise chemical method for determining the caloric value in pasture plants this method showld be less onerous and substitute the traditional method (calorimetric pump) which takes too much time because in it is impossible to work many samples simultaneously. The alterations suggest are largely applied to determine the caloric value in forage plants and the reduction of volumes employed brings a low price of determination without prejudice in the exactness of the results.Procurou-se estudar um método químico, para determinação do valor calórico rápido e preciso, bem como, menos oneroso, em substituição ao consagrado método convencional — bomba calorimétrica — de procedimento por demais demorado, pela impossibilidade de serem trabalhadas várias amostras simultaneamente. As modificações propostas são plenamente aplicáveis à determinação do valor calórico e em gramíneas forrageiras e a diminuição dos volumes empregados, proporcionam um baixo custo de determinação, sem que haja prejuízo na exatidão dos resultados

Hérnia ínguino-escrotal do cão

The article has no abstract.O artigo não apresenta resumo

Apparent digestibility of ration with rabbit’s faeces (Oryctolagus cuniculus), in rats (Rattus norvergicus)

Studies on the utilization of dehydrated rabbit’s faeces in concentrations of 20, 30, 40 and 50%, as rations to rats were made. The digestibility coeficients obtained were: rations with 20% of rabbit’s faeces: dry matter 54,6%; organic matter 57,7%; crude protein 48,7%; ether extract 61,4% and Nitrogen Free Extractives 71,6%. Ration with 40%: 37,0; 41,5; 32,3; 53,5 and 58,8% respectively. It concluded that crude fiber showed total indigestibility and the digestibility coeficients are below those compared with commercial rations.Foi estudada a utilização de fezes desidratadas de coelho nas proporções de 20-30-40- e 50% em formulação de rações destinadas a ratos albinos. Os resultados médios, dos coeficientes de digestibilidade obtidos foram: ração com 20% de fezes de coelho = 54,6% para matéria seca, 57,7% para matéria orgânica, 48,7% para proteína, 61,4% para extrato etéreo e 71,6% para carboidratos solúveis. Ração com 30% = 49,8 - 53,4 - 46,6 - 61,6 e 67,0% respectivamente. Ração com 40% = 37,0 - 41,5 - 32,3 - 53,5 e 58,8% respectivamente. Ração com 50% = 44,9 - 49,2 - 39,4 - 58,4 e 64,5% respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a fibra bruta é totalmente indigestível e que os coeficientes de digestibilidade estão muito baixo dos assinalados em rações normais

Estudo comparativo da eliminação de água por via intestinal entre taurinos e zebuinos alimentados com capim fresco

Eight clinically healthy heifers, 18 to 24 months old, four of which were pure Bos taurus (crosses of Danish and Flemish breeds) and the other four were pure Bos indicus (Nelore breed) were put in individual partitions of a stable, where each received water and freshly cut “Elephant Grass” (Pennisetum purpureum Schum)‘‘ad libitum” . The experiment was conducted at the “Centro Intraunidade de Zootecnia e Indústrias Pecuárias Fernando Costa” (University of São Paulo), in Pirassununga, State o f São Paulo. For 10 consecutive days, during which ambient temperature varied from 8°C to 24°C, daily foecal water determinations were made following the AOAC Method and the results were expressed in ml permetabolic weight unit (Wkg0,75). The variations among samples from one to the other of the taurine heifers (15.90%) were statistically significant, while they were not significant from one to the other of the zebuine heifers (5.18%). On the other hand variations from day to day were slightly smaller in taurine (9.26% to 21.62%)than in zebuine animals (14.87% to 25.21%). In what concerns the average global daily water elimination by the enteric route it was consistently superior in the taurine heifers, since the smallest individual average for an animal in this group (129.07 ± 5.11), animal no.1, was conspicuously higher than the largest individual average in the zebuine group (117.06 ± 6.61), animal no.5. Obviously the average difference from group was statistically significant.Na presente investigação objetivou-se comparar a eliminação de água, por via intestinal, entre Bos taurus e Bos indicus. As amostras de fezes foram colhidas de 8 fêmeas, sendo que 4 destas eram produtos de cruzamento Dinamarquês x Flamengo (Lote I) e 4de raça Nelore “puras de origem” (Lote II), com idades variando entre18 e 24 meses, clinicamente sadias e pertencentes ao Centro Intraunidadede Zootecnia e Indústrias Pecuárias “Fernando Costa” situado em Pirassununga, Estado de São Paulo. Os animais foram confinados em baias individuais, cobertas, e recebiam como alimento “capim elefante Napier” (Pennisetum purpureum Schum), recém colhido, picado e fornecido “ad libitum” em cochos, além de água à vontade. Durante o período de observação, 10 dias consecutivos, a temperatura ambiente flutuou entre os limites de 8°C e 24°C. As determinações de água nas fezes foram realizadas segundo o método adotado pela AOAC e os resultados expressos em ml por unidade de peso metabólico (WKg0,75). As variações observadas entre as médias dos animais de raça europeia (15,90%), determinaram diferenças de significância estatística. No entanto, para os zebuínos (5,18%) as diferenças entre indivíduos puderam ser atribuídas ao acaso. Em relação à variabilidade entre dias, os taurinos mostraram valores ligeiramente menores (de 9,26% a 21,62%) que os zebuínos (de 14,87% a25,21%). Quanto aos volumes eliminados, os taurinos mostraram valores médios sempre mais elevados que os zebuínos, sendo que o mais baixo valor encontrado para o primeiro grupo (129,07 ± 5,11ml) animal no.1, foi sensivelmente superior a mais alta eliminação mostrada (117,06 ± 6,61 ml) pelo animal no.5, do lote II. As diferenças entre lotes puderam ser consideradas de significância estatística

Aplicabilidade do método dos cromogêneos vegetais na determinação da digestibilidade aparente, em equinos, “1/2 Sangue Bretão” , e “1/2 Sangue Inglês”

The applicability of chromogens method for the determination of apparent digestibility of dry matter, was studied in mares 1/2 Breton blood breed and 1/2 Throughbreed. The animals were maintained in individual boxes where received the ration twice a day. All of the feed offered and any refused was weighed and recorded. Fecal collection was extended over an eight-days period after a preliminary periodo of ten-days. In order to compose representative samples for a 24 hours period, the faeces were collected with 12 hours interval and total fecal collection. There were no significant differences — P ≤ 0.05 between conventional and chromogens methods only for the eight days collection. However, the 1/2 Breton blood breed presented higher digestion coefficients than the ones found for the Throughbreed.Estudou-se a aplicabilidade do método dos cromogêneos vegetais para a determinação do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente, em equinos de “meio sangue Bretão postier” e “meio sangue Inglês de corridas”. Os animais foram alimentados com uma única ração e mantidos em baias individuais. As fezes colhidas diretamente do solo compuseram amostras representativas de períodos de 24 horas e do total excretado em 8 dias. As leituras de luz transmitida pelos extratos acetônicos de ração e fezes foram realizadas em 412nm. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade obtidos pelo método dos cromogêneos não diferiram dos auferidos pelo método convencioral, enquanto foi evidenciada capacidade digestiva, sensivelmente, mais acentuada do lote I — “meio sangue Bretão Postier” — em relação ao meio sangue Inglês (lote II). Os resultados referentes às amostras representativas do total de 8 dias foram comparáveis aos obtidos pelo método convencional enquanto o mesmo confronto mostrou que as colheitas de 24 horas exibiram valores mais baixos para os dois lotes

The influence of mineral supplementation upon the voluntary green forage intake and on the dry matter digestibility comparatively in Bos taurus and Bos indicus

To compare the influence of mineral supplementation upon green forage intake and digestibility between B. taurus and B. indicus, four heifers of the first breed and four of the second one were stabled in individual pens and given "ad libitum ” common salt, fresh water and green, daily cropped grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum). After allowing the heifers over a period of 20 days to adapt themselves from field conditions, (under which they had been kept so far), daily measurements of individual grass consumption were done for 10 days period 1st experimental phase).Following this period the common salt remaining in each trough was removed and substituted by two commercial mineral mixtures, one containing salt supplemented with "macro-elements" and the other one salt supplemented with ''micro-elements''. According to the manufacturer’s recomendations the two supplemental mixtures were put in each individual trough but there separated by a board partition. Food intake measurements were discontinued for 20days; to allow the heifers a time period for adaptation to these new conditions after which daily individual green forage onsumptions were measured again for a new 10 days period (2nd experimental phase). Mineral supplementation resulted in significantly higher green forage intake both in B. taurus (from 4.484,4g ± 51,3g to 5.221,1g ± 201,6g) and in B. indicus (from 3.631,3g ± 111,8g to 4.166,4g ± 183,3g). Results concerning digestibility between breed groups disagreed, for while in the B. taurus heifers there was a significant rise in the digestibility coefficient (from 42,4% ± 1,1% to 47,2% ± 0,4%) and in the B. indicus heifers no significant differences were found in digestibility, whose coefficient was slightly, but not significantly, smaller during the supplementation period (from 47,4% ± 1,1% to 45,7% ± 1,1%).Foram estudadas as quantidades ingeridas e a digestibilidade da matéria seca do capim Napier (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) em 4 fêmeas Bos taurus e 4 Bos indicus, sem e com suplementação mineral. As colheiras de amostras foram feitas em 2 fases de 10 dias, com intervalo de 20. Na primeira os animais receberam apenas capim e cloreto de sódio. Misturas minerais existentes no comércio foram oferecidas durante o intervalo e a segunda fase de colheita. A suplementação mostrou-se eficiente para incrementar a ingestão voluntária tanto no lote europeu (de 4.484,4 ± 51,3g a 5.221,1 ± 201,6g de matéria seca) como no lote zebuíno (de 3.631,3 ± 111,8g e 4.166,4 ± 188,3g de matéria seca). Relativamente à digestibilidade, as respostas não foram concordes nos dois lotes. O grupo europeu mostrou elevação no coeficiente de digestibilidade (de 42,4 ± 1,1% para 47,2 ± 0,4%) enquanto que o lote de zebuínos não exibiu diferenças de significado estatístico entre os períodos, sem e com suplementação (de 47,4 ± 1,1% a 45,7 ± 1,1%)