Introducing the DigiPart-Index

Digital political participation increasingly complements analogue forms of political participation. Elements of the political process such as dialogue, consultation, participation as well as voting have received a further digital boost in the COVID-19 pandemic. Because they reflect the new digital experiences of ever broader sections of the population, using digital means to participate in the political process will play an increasingly important role in the future. The DigiPart-Index (DPI) measures three dimensions of digital political participation for all cantons in Switzerland. The first dimension reflects how political decision-making in democracies is preceded by an opinion-formation phase. It covers tools for e-deliberation, digital political education and e-transparency. The second dimension, co-creation, maps the exchange between government agencies and civil society. The two components, e-consultation and e-demand, are surveyed for this purpose. Thirdly, in addition to public debate and an exchange between the state and society, digital tools can also be used to enable the act of voting. To this end, the foundations must be laid in the form of electronic identification, i.e. an e-ID, so that it can then be used for e-voting and e-collecting, among other things. The values for the DigiPart-Index Switzerland range from 0 to 100 points. Results show that the differences between the cantons are considerable, ranging from a minimum of 6 to a maximum of 55 points. The mean value is 31 points. The ranking tends to be led by cantons with greater financial resources. However, even the cantons at the top range of the index still have room for considerable improvement in all dimensions

Tuning of catalytic activity by thermoelectric materials for carbon dioxide hydrogenation

An innovative use of a thermoelectric material (BiCuSeO) as a support and promoter of catalysis for CO2 hydrogenation is reported here. It is proposed that the capability of thermoelectric materials to shift the Fermi level and work function of a catalyst lead to an exponential increase of catalytic activity for catalyst particles deposited on its surface. Experimental results show that the CO2 conversion and CO selectivity are increased significantly by a thermoelectric Seebeck voltage. This suggests that the thermoelectric effect can not only increase the reaction rate but also change chemical equilibrium, which leads to the change of thermodynamic equilibrium for the conversion of CO2 in its hydrogenation reactions. It is also shown that this thermoelectric promotion of catalysis enables BiCuSeO oxide itself to have a high catalytic activity for CO2 hydrogenation. The generic nature of the mechanism suggests the possibility that many catalytic chemical reactions can be tuned in situ to achieve much higher reaction rates, or at lower temperatures, or have better desired selectivity through changing the backside temperature of the thermoelectric support