Impact of Dosing Intervals on Activity of Gentamicin and Ticarcillin Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Granulocytopenic Mice

The influence of dosing intervals on the activity of gentamicin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in vivo. Granulocytopenic mice infected with P. aeruginosa in the thigh muscle were treated with l-hr or 3-hr injections of gentamicin, ticarcillin, or gentamicin-ticarcillin. Plasma pharmacokinetics of the drugs were correlated with antibacterial activity. Gentamicin injected every 1 hr tended to be less active than gentamicin injected at longer intervals. In contrast, ticarcillin given every 1 hr was significantly more efficacious than equivalent total doses injected every 3 hr. The dosing schedule of gentamicin-ticarcillin was again important for ticarcillin but did not appreciably affect the antibacterial activity of gentamicin. Thus, antimicrobial chemotherapy of P. aeruginosa infections in the granulocytopenic host might be improved by administering ticarcillin rather than gentamicin as a constant infusio

Duality relations between spatial birth-death processes and diffusions in Hilbert space

Spatially dependent birth-death processes can be modelled by kinetic models such as the BBGKY hierarchy. Diffusion in infinite dimensional systems can be modelled with Brownian motion in Hilbert space. In this work Doi field theoretic formalism is utilised to establish dualities between these classes of processes. This enables path integral methods to calculate expectations of duality functions. These are exemplified with models ranging from stochastic cable signalling to jump-diffusion processes

Recessione economica e viticoltura italiana: nuove sfide e opportunità

RECESSIONE ECONOMICA E VITIVINICOLTURA ITALIANA: NUOVE SFIDE E OPPORTUNITÀ Antonella P. Vastola(1), Mario Pagliaro(2) (1) Università degli Studi della Basilicata Facoltà di Agraria, Campus Macchia Romana, 85100 Potenza, Italia [email protected] (2) Agronomo Via del Quercione, 81100 Caserta, Italia [email protected] RIASSUNTO Innovare e differenziare sono le strategie che, più di altre, permettono alle aziende vitivinicole di competere in un contesto economico globale di forte crisi, d’incertezza ed instabilità dei mercati. Il lavoro si propone di analizzare le strategie di marketing che hanno reso competitive alcune realtà aziendali italiane, nonostante le difficilissima situazione economica nazionale. Dall’analisi emerge che si stanno rivelando strategicamente vincenti quelle azioni che fanno riferimento alla sostenibilità ambientale, alla differenziazione qualitativa ed all’uso di sistemi di marketing non convenzionale. La focalizzazione sulle strategie “verdi” è relativa ad azioni quali: il contenimento delle emissioni di anidride carbonica e gas ad effetto serra, attraverso il calcolo della così detta “impronta carbonica”; l’impiego di energie rinnovabili; e la razionalizzazione dell’intero sistema produttivo al fine di individuare quelle azioni che possono migliorare l’impatto ambientale dell’attività produttiva (Life Cycle Assessment - LCA). La differenziazione qualitativa sta puntato, in particolare, su strumenti quali: la certificazione (ambientale, etica, di prodotto), la territorialità della produzione ed i metodi di produzione (convenzionale e non convenzionale). Infine, le attività di marketing non convenzionale, ovvero quelle relative al marketing conversazionale, coinvolgono i consumatori /utenti ad un dialogo e condivisione delle informazioni tra l’azienda ed altri utenti/appassionati grazie all’evoluzione dell’ambiente Web 1.0 a Web 2.0 attraverso l’uso di reti sociali, e della rete sociale geolocalizzata (foursquare). ABSTRACT Innovate and differentiate are the strategies that more than others allow wineries to compete in a context of tremendous global economic crisis, uncertainty and markets instability. This paper aims to analyze the marketing strategies that have made some Italian firms competitive, despite the difficult national economic situation. The analysis shows that are proving successful strategic actions that relate to environmental sustainability, the quality differentiation and the use of unconventional marketing systems. The “green” strategies focus on actions such as: reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases, by calculating the so-called "carbon footprint"; the use of renewable energies; and the rationalization of entire production system in order to identify those actions that can reduce the environmental impact of production (Life Cycle Assessment - LCA). Quality differentiation is aimed, in particular, tools such as: certification (environmental, ethical, about the product), the territoriality of production and production methods (conventional and unconventional). Finally, unconventional marketing activities, namely those related to relationship marketing, involving consumers/users to a dialogue and sharing of information between the company and other users/enthusiasts thanks to the evolution of Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 through the use of social networks, and location-aware social network (foursquare)

Impact of Dosing Intervals on Activity of Gentamicin and Ticarcillin Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Granulocytopenic Mice

The influence of dosing intervals on the activity of gentamicin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in vivo. Granulocytopenic mice infected with P. aeruginosa in the thigh muscle were treated with l-hr or 3-hr injections of gentamicin, ticarcillin, or gentamicin-ticarcillin. Plasma pharmacokinetics of the drugs were correlated with antibacterial activity. Gentamicin injected every 1 hr tended to be less active than gentamicin injected at longer intervals. In contrast, ticarcillin given every 1 hr was significantly more efficacious than equivalent total doses injected every 3 hr. The dosing schedule of gentamicin-ticarcillin was again important for ticarcillin but did not appreciably affect the antibacterial activity of gentamicin. Thus, antimicrobial chemotherapy of P. aeruginosa infections in the granulocytopenic host might be improved by administering ticarcillin rather than gentamicin as a constant infusion