Use of Statistical Analyses in the Ophthalmic Literature

Purpose: To identify the most commonly used statistical analyses in the ophthalmic literature and to determine the likely gain in comprehension of the literature that readers could expect if they were to add knowledge of more advanced techniques sequentially to their statistical repertoire.Design: Cross-sectional study.Methods: All articles published from January 2012 through December 2012 in Ophthalmology, the American Journal of Ophthalmology, and Archives of Ophthalmology were reviewed. A total of 780 peer-reviewed articles were included. Two reviewers examined each article and assigned categories to each one depending on the type of statistical analyses used. Discrepancies between reviewers were resolved by consensus.Main Outcome Measures: Total number and percentage of articles containing each category of statistical analysis were obtained. Additionally, we estimated the accumulated number and percentage of articles that a reader would be expected to be able to interpret depending on their statistical repertoire.Results: Readers with little or no statistical knowledge would be expected to be able to interpret the statistical methods presented in only 20.8% of articles. To understand more than half (51.4%) of the articles published, readers would be expected to be familiar with at least 15 different statistical methods. Knowledge of 21 categories of statistical methods was necessary to comprehend 70.9% of articles, whereas knowledge of more than 29 categories was necessary to comprehend more than 90% of articles. Articles related to retina and glaucoma subspecialties showed a tendency for using more complex analysis when compared with articles from the cornea subspecialty.Conclusions: Readers of clinical journals in ophthalmology need to have substantial knowledge of statistical methodology to understand the results of studies published in the literature. the frequency of the use of complex statistical analyses also indicates that those involved in the editorial peer-review process must have sound statistical knowledge to appraise critically the articles submitted for publication. the results of this study could provide guidance to direct the statistical learning of clinical ophthalmologists, researchers, and educators involved in the design of courses for residents and medical students. (C) 2014 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MarylandBrazilian National Research CouncilCarl-Zeiss Meditec, Inc (Jena, Germany)Heidelberg Engineering, GmBH (Dosseinheim, Germany)Alcon (Hunenberg, Switzerland)Allergan (Irvine, California)Topcon (Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan)Reichert, Inc (Depew, New York)Univ Calif San Diego, Hamilton Glaucoma Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USAUniv Calif San Diego, Dept Ophthalmol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ophthalmol, São Paulo, BrazilBoston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ophthalmol, São Paulo, BrazilNational Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland: EY021818National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland: P30EY022589Brazilian National Research Council: 200178/2012-1Web of Scienc

SINPHONIE (Schools Indoor Pollution and Health Observatory Network in Europe): Executive Summary of the Final Report

This report is the executive summary of the final report of the SINPHONIE (Schools Indoor Pollution and Health: Observatory Network in Europe) project. SINPHONIE was funded by the European Parliament and carried out under a contract with the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO) (SANCO/2009/C4/04, contract SI2.570742). The SINPHONIE project established a scientific/technical network to act at the EU level with the long-term perspective of improving air quality in schools and kindergartens, thereby reducing the risk and burden of respiratory diseases among children and teachers potentially due to outdoor and indoor air pollution. At the same time, the project supports future policy actions by formulating guidelines, recommendations and risk management options for better air quality and associated health effects in schools.JRC.I.1-Chemical Assessment and Testin