23 research outputs found

    A systematic review of sarcopenia prevalence and associated factors in people living with human immunodeficiency virus

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    People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) appear to be at an increased risk of sarcopenia, which can have a devastating effect on their life due to consequences such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and finally death. This systematic review examined sarcopenia prevalence and its associated factors in PLWH. A systematic search was conducted using the keywords in the online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane databases from the dates of inception up to May 2022. The retrieved articles underwent a two-step title/abstract and full-text review process, and the eligible papers were selected and included in the qualitative synthesis. Data relating to the study population, purpose of study, gender, age, race, body mass index, medical history, paraclinical results and antiretroviral therapy as associated factors of sarcopenia were extracted. In addition, the prevalence of sarcopenia in PLWH and its promoting and reducing factors were also extracted. We reviewed the 14 related studies for identifying of sarcopenia prevalence and its associated factors in PLWH. The total number of PLWH in all the reviewed studies was 2592. There was no criterion for the minimum number of people with HIV and the lowest number of PLWH was 27, and the highest number was 860. Some studies reported a significantly higher prevalence of sarcopenia in HIV-infected individuals compared with HIV-negative controls as follows: 24.2–6.7%, 15–4% and 10–6%, respectively. We showed that, age (30–50 years), being female, >5 years post-HIV diagnosis, multiple vertebral fractures, cocaine/heroin use and lower gamma-glutamyl transferase level were the main promoting factors of sarcopenia. Higher educational level, employment, physical exercise, calf circumference >31 cm, and gait speed >0.8 m/s were also factors to reduce sarcopenia. Sarcopenia prevalence in PLWH is higher than HIV-negative population. Given the importance and prevalence of sarcopenia among PLWH and its associated consequences (i.e., mortality and disability), determining its risk factors is of great importance. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders

    Safety and efficacy of Favipiravir in moderate to severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia

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    Background: We examined the safety and efficacy of a treatment protocol containing Favipiravir for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: We did a multicenter randomized open-labeled clinical trial on moderate to severe cases infections of SARS-CoV-2. Patients with typical ground glass appearance on chest computerized tomography scan (CT scan) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) of less than 93 were enrolled. They were randomly allocated into Favipiravir (1.6 gr loading, 1.8 gr daily) and Lopinavir/Ritonavir (800/200 mg daily) treatment regimens in addition to standard care. In-hospital mortality, ICU admission, intubation, time to clinical recovery, changes in daily SpO2 after 5 min discontinuation of supplemental oxygen, and length of hospital stay were quantified and compared in the two groups. Results: 380 patients were randomly allocated into Favipiravir (1 9 3) and Lopinavir/Ritonavir (1 8 7) groups in 13 centers. The number of deaths, intubations, and ICU admissions were not significantly different (26, 27, 31 and 21, 17, 25 respectively). Mean hospital stay was also not different (7.9 days SD = 6 in the Favipiravir and 8.1 SD = 6.5 days in Lopinavir/Ritonavir groups) (p = 0.61). Time to clinical recovery in the Favipiravir group was similar to Lopinavir/Ritonavir group (HR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.75 � 1.17) and likewise the changes in the daily SpO2 after discontinuation of supplemental oxygen (p = 0.46) Conclusion: Adding Favipiravir to the treatment protocol did not reduce the number of ICU admissions or intubations or In-hospital mortality compared to Lopinavir/Ritonavir regimen. It also did not shorten time to clinical recovery and length of hospital stay. © 2021 Elsevier B.V

    Bakterielle Ätiologie und Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit von Erregern von Infektionen des diabetischen Fußes

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    Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate anaerobic and aerobic bacteria profile and determination of antibiotic susceptibility pattern in aerobic bacteria.Method: Specimens were cultured using optimal aerobic and anaerobic microbiological techniques. Identification of bacterial isolates was performed by standard microbiological methods and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Result: 92 bacterial strains were isolated from 60 samples of diabetic foot ulcers. Predominant aerobic bacteria isolated from these infections were S. aureus (28%) followed by Enterobacteriaceae family (24%) including Escherichia coli (15%), Citrobacter spp. (4%), Enterobacter spp. (4%), and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (17%), Enterococcus spp. (15%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%) and Acinetobacter spp. (4%). No Clostridium spp. were isolated and 4% Bacteroides fragilis obtained from anaerobic culture. All Gram-positive isolates were susceptible to linezolid while all Enterobacteriaceae showed sensitivity to imipenem.Conclusion: Most of DFIs specimens were poly microbial infection and predominant bacteria were S. aureus and B. fragilis . These wounds may require use of combined antimicrobial therapy for initial management.Zielsetzung: Es sollte die bakterielle Ätiologie (anaerobe und aerobe Flora) und Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit von Erregern beim diabetischen Fußsyndrom analysiert werden.Methode: Die Kultivierung erfolgte unter optimalen aeroben und anaeroben Bedingungen. Die Identifizierung der bakteriellen Isolate wurde mit mikrobiologischen Standardmethoden vorgenommen. Die Testung der Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit erfolgte gemäß den Richtlinien des Clinical und Laboratory Standards Instituts (CLSI).Ergebnisse: Von 60 Proben diabetischer Fußulcera wurden 92 Bakterienstämme isoliert. Dominierende Aerobier waren S. aureus (28%), gefolgt von Vertretern der Enterobacteriaceae (24%) einschließlich Escherichia coli (15%), Citrobacter spp. (4%), Enterobacter spp. (43%) und Coagulase-negativen Staphylococcus spp. (17%), Enterococcus spp. (15%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (7%) und Acinetobacter spp. (4%). In den anaeroben Kulturen war in 4% der Ulcera Bacteroides fragilis nachweisbar, jedoch in keinem Fall Clostridium spp. Alle Gram-positiven Isolate waren gegen Linezolid empfindlich; alle Vertreter der Enterobacteriaceae waren gegenüber Imipenem empfindlich.Schlussfolgerung: Die meisten Infektionen bei den diabetischen Fußulcera waren durch eine Mischflora mit Dominanz von S. aureus und B. fragilis gekennzeichnet. Die Ulcera können daher in der Initialtherapie sinnvollerweise eine kombinierte antimikrobielle Therapie erfordern

    Studying the subcellular localization and DNA-binding activity of FoxO transcription factors, downstream effectors of PI3K/Akt

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    This chapter describes methods for studying downstream events of the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade, focusing on the FoxO transcription factors. These approaches also represent alternative means for gauging the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt activity. We describe protocols for the fractionation of cytoplasmic and nuclear protein extracts and for studying transcription factor DNA-binding activity in vitro and in vivo
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