Biochar in forestry. Status in the Nordic-Baltic countries

This report summarizes the status of biochar in forestry in the Nordic-Baltic countries today. Biochar is charred material formed by pyrolysis of organic materials. In addition to improving soil physical and chemical properties and plant growth, biochar is a promising negative emission technology for storing carbon (C) in soils. The report gives an overview of current and potential uses, production methods and facilities, legislation, current and future research as well as biochar properties and effects. Forests are both a source of feedstock for biochar production and a potential beneficiary for biochar use. Production is still limited in the Nordic-Baltic countries, but commercial production is on the rise and several enterprises are in the planning or start-up phase. In this report different biochar production technologies are described. As the (modern) use of biochar for agricultural and especially forestry purposes is relatively new, in many countries there are no specific legislation regulating its use. Sometimes the use of biochar is regulated through more general laws and regulations on e.g. fertilizers or soil amendment. However, both inside and outside EU several documents and standards exist, listing recommended physical and chemical limit values for biochar. So far, most biochar studies have been conducted on agricultural soils, though research in the forestry sector is starting to emerge. The first biochar field experiments in boreal forests support that wood biochar promotes tree growth. Also, studies on the use of biochar as an additive to the growing medium in tree nurseries show promising results. Because biochar C content is high, it is recalcitrant to decomposition, and application rates to soil can be high, biochar is a promising tool to enhance the C sequestration in boreal forests. However, available biomass and production costs may be barriers for the climate change mitigation potential of biochar. When it comes to effects on biodiversity, few field-based studies have been carried out. Some studies from the Nordic region show that biochar addition may affect microbial soil communities and vegetation, at least on a short time scale. There is clearly a need for more research on the effects of biochar in forestry in the Nordic-Baltic region. Long-term effects of biochar on e.g., forest growth, biodiversity, soil carbon and climate change mitigation potential should be studied in existing and new field experiments.Biochar in forestry. Status in the Nordic-Baltic countriespublishedVersio

Sustainable forest biomass: a review of current residue harvesting guidelines

http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on-physicalsciences/2021/04/15/forest-bioenergy-sustainable/Forest biomass harvesting guidelines help ensure the ecological sustainability of forest residue harvesting for bioenergy and bioproducts, and hence contribute to social license for a growing bioeconomy. Guidelines, typically voluntary, provide a means to achieve outcomes often required by legislation, and must address needs related to local or regional context, jurisdictional compatibility with regulations, issues of temporal and spatial scale, and incorporation of appropriate scientific information. Given this complexity, comprehensive reviews of existing guidelines can aid in development of new guidelines or revision of existing ones. We reviewed 32 guidelines covering 43 jurisdictions in the USA, Canada, Europe and East Asia to expand upon information evaluated and recommendations provided in previous guideline reviews, and compiled a searchable spreadsheet of direct quotations from documents as a foundation for our review. Guidelines were considered in the context of sustainable forest management (SFM), focusing on guideline scope and objectives, environmental sustainability concerns (soils, site productivity, biodiversity, water and carbon) and social concerns (visual aesthetics, recreation, and preservation of cultural, historical and archaeological sites). We discuss the role of guidelines within the context of other governance mechanisms such as SFM policies, trade regulations and non-state market-driven (NSMD) standards, including certification systems. The review provides a comprehensive resource for those developing guidelines, or defining sustainability standards for market access or compliance with public regulations, and/or concerned about the sustainability of forest biomass harvesting. We recommend that those developing or updating guidelines consider (i) the importance of well-defined and understood terminology, consistent where possible with guidelines in other jurisdictions or regions; (ii) guidance based on locally relevant research, and periodically updated to incorporate current knowledge and operational experience; (iii) use of indicators of sensitive soils, sites, and stands which are relevant to ecological processes and can be applied operationally; and (iv) incorporation of climate impacts, long-term soil carbon storage, and general carbon balance considerations when defining sustainable forest biomass availability. Successful implementation of guidelines depends both on the relevance of the information and on the process used to develop and communicate it; hence, appropriate stakeholders should be involved early in guideline development.Peer reviewe

Changes in the canopies of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies under alkaline dust impact in the industrial region of Northeast Estonia

Studies were carried out in 1999, 2005 and 2007 in the area of Kunda cement plant in Northeast Estonia on sample plots 3 km W and 2.5 and 5 km E of Kunda. As control stands, two plots for pine and spruce were established in Lahemaa National Park (34–38kmWof Kunda). The selected pine and spruce stands were 75–85-year-old Myrtillus site type, of 0.7–0.8 density and II quality class, with moderately dense or sparse understorey. The values concerning needle density and number of needle scars were higher for shoots formed in the period of higher pollution than for the shoots grown under a considerably lower pollution load. Although the cement dust pollution has notably decreased from year to year, the number of needle pairs per 1 cm of the shoot was 1.8–2.1 times greater in the shoots formed in 1998 than in those formed in 2003, whereas the changes were statistically reliable. Possibly the low temperatures at the time of shoot and needle formation affected the density of needles on all sample plots, and thus the number of needles on shoots formed in 2003 was many times smaller. After the significant fall in the pollution load since 1996 the length growth of needles intensified around Kunda cement plant, at the same time no changes occurred in the length growth of needles in the control area. As compared to the data from 1998, the length growth of pine needles had improved, especially 2.5 and 5 km E from the cement plant, needles being respectively 1.5 and 1.1cm longer than 6 years ago. The stimulation of the growth of pine and spruce needles 2.5 and 5 km E of the cement plant may be a sign of a positive effect of reduced doses of cement dust in soil. The greater length of pine and spruce needles is the reason for the larger biomass of the needlesVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij