Factores pronósticos de letalidad en pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el hospital Belén. MINSA. Trujillo. 2010- 2014

Determinar los factores pronósticos de letalidad en pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el Hospital Belén de Trujillo. Material y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de tipo analítico, observacional, retrospectivo, de casos y controles. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 100 pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad según criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos distribuidos en dos grupos: con y sin letalidad. Resultados: El análisis estadístico sobre las variables en estudio como factores de riesgo fue: hiponatremia (OR: 4.88; p<0.05), ancianidad (OR: 3.85; p<0.05), leucopenia (OR: 6; p<0.05), shock (OR: 2,7; p<0.05), necesidad de ventilación mecánica (OR: 5.6; p<0.05). Conclusiones: La hiponatremia, la ancianidad, la leucopenia, el shock y la necesidad de ventilación mecánica son factores pronósticos de letalidad en pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad.Determine prognostic factors related to lethality in patients with community acquired pneumonia at Trujillo Belen Hospital. Material and Methods: We made an analytic, observational, retrospective, cases and controls. The population were integrated by 100 patients with community acquired pneumonia according to inclusion and exclusion criteria set divided into two groups: with and without letality. Results: The estadistical analysis about the variables in study like risk factors were: hyponatremia (OR: 4.88; p<0.05), older age (OR: 3.85; p<0.05), la leucopenia (OR: 6; p<0.05), shock (OR: 2,7; p<0.05), mechanical ventilation (OR: 5.6; p<0.05). Conclusions: Hyponatremia, older age, la leucopenia, shock and mechanical ventilation are prognostic factors related to lethality in patients with community acquired pneumonia at Trujillo Belen HospitalTesi

Auge y ocaso de los protectores de la nación: el desmantelamiento del sistema fortificado de defensa de la provincia de Veracruz, México, 1822-1911

This study presents the conformation and dismantling process of the defense structure established throughout the 19th century by the nascent Mexican State on the coasts and roads of the province of Veracruz. From this point of view, the fortifications that took part in this system represent a metaphor for the successive governments’ will to face foreign threats and preserve their integrity. Once purposes were achieved, they left these buildings in obsolescence, “victims” of war technology innovations and full international recognition accomplished by the country during the Porfiriato.Esta investigación, expone el proceso de conformación y desmantelamiento de la estructura de defensa erigida por el naciente Estado mexicano a lo largo del siglo XIX en las costas y caminos de la provincia de Veracruz. Desde este prisma, las fortificaciones que integraron este dispositivo representan una metáfora de la voluntad de los sucesivos gobiernos para hacer frente a las amenazas del exterior y preservar su integridad, propósitos que una vez conseguidos, dejaron en la obsolescencia a estos inmuebles, “víctimas” de las innovaciones en la tecnología bélica y el pleno reconocimiento internacional alcanzado por el país durante el porfiriato

From downtown to the outskirts: A radio survey of the Orion Nebula Cluster

© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.We present a newly enlarged census of the compact radio population towards the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) using high-sensitivity continuum maps (3-10 μ Jy beam-1) from a total of ∼30-h centimetre-wavelength observations over an area of ∼20 × 20 arcmin2 obtained in the C-band (4-8 GHz) with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) in its high-resolution A-configuration. We thus complement our previous deep survey of the innermost areas of the ONC, now covering the field of view of the Chandra Orion Ultra-deep Project (COUP). Our catalogue contains 521 compact radio sources of which 198 are new detections. Overall, we find that 17 per cent of the (mostly stellar) COUP sources have radio counterparts, while 53 per cent of the radio sources have COUP counterparts. Most notably, the radio detection fraction of X-ray sources is higher in the inner cluster and almost constant for r > 3 arcmin (0.36 pc) from θ1 Ori C, suggesting a correlation between the radio emission mechanism of these sources and their distance from the most massive stars at the centre of the cluster, e.g. due to increased photoionisation of circumstellar discs. The combination with our previous observations 4 yr prior lead to the discovery of fast proper motions of up to ∼373 km s-1 from faint radio sources associated with ejecta of the OMC1 explosion. Finally, we search for strong radio variability. We found changes in flux density by a factor of ≲5 within our observations and a few sources with changes by a factor >10 on long time-scales of a few years.Peer reviewe

Un enfoque alternativo para tomar en cuenta el efecto de la direccionalidad sísmica

Recent researches have proven the importance of considering the seismic directionality effect. The performance of buildings subjected to earthquakes depends on its orientation respect to the seismic actions applied. This type of calculation is computed using the nonlinear dynamic analysis (NLDA) and rotating the acceleration horizontal components onto all non-redundant angles, which entails a high computational cost. This paper presents an alternative approach to consider the directionality effect. The method is based on the nonlinear static analysis (NLSA) and on the energy balance between the capacity curves and the response spectra of the rotated seismic actions. This approach was applied to a 4-story steel frame building 3D-model with ground motions records from Mexico City. A high variability in the building performance is observed due to the incidence angle of the seismic action; the proposed method would allow considering this variation in the structural analysis, in an easy way, demanding less calculation time and providing results compatible with those obtained through the NLDA.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Carta t2 con base en estimadores robustos de los parámetros

En la primera etapa de implementación de un sistema de control multivariado, usando la carta T ² de Hotelling con n observaciones históricas individuales, la presencia de outliers distorsiona la estimación de los parámetros del proceso y del límite de control debido al efecto de enmascaramiento. En este trabajo proponemos el uso de estimadores robustos para la construcción del estadístico T ² en esta primera etapa. Se prueba con estimadores MVE (elipsoide de mínimo volumen) y estimadores S biponderados, para el caso p = 2. Los resultados de simulaciones señalan que estos dos procedimientos resultan consistentes en la detección de outliers provenientes de perturbaciones en el vector de medias y de la matriz de varianzas covarianzas, consideradas individual y conjuntamente, con diferentes niveles de contaminación.In Phase I, Stage 1 of a multivariate process control, the implementation of a Hotelling's T ² chart with n individual observation, outliers cause difficulties with the estimation of process parameters and control limits due to masking effects. We propose procedures to construct robust estimators based upon the MVE (Minimum Volume Ellipsoide) and the biweighted S estimator, for case p = 2 (Bivariate Process). Simulation results show the good performance of these estimators before outliers presence, avoiding masking effects, when we are estimating the mean vector and varianza covarianza matrix, both individually and jointly. We make the investigation with different levels of contamination affecting the mean vector and varianza covarianza matrix

Fungal colonization with Pneumocystis correlates to increasing chloride channel accessory 1 (hCLCA1) suggesting a pathway for up-regulation of airway mucus responses, in infant lungs

AbstractFungal colonization with Pneumocystis is associated with increased airway mucus in infants during their primary Pneumocystis infection, and to severity of COPD in adults. The pathogenic mechanisms are under investigation. Interestingly, increased levels of hCLCA1 – a member of the calcium-sensitive chloride conductance family of proteins that drives mucus hypersecretion – have been associated with increased mucus production in patients diagnosed with COPD and in immunocompetent rodents with Pneumocystis infection. Pneumocystis is highly prevalent in infants; therefore, the contribution of Pneumocystis to hCLCA1 expression was examined in autopsied infant lungs. Respiratory viruses that may potentially increase mucus, were also examined. hCLCA1 expression was measured using actin-normalized Western-blot, and the burden of Pneumocystis organisms was quantified by qPCR in 55 autopsied lungs from apparently healthy infants who died in the community. Respiratory viruses were diagnosed using RT-PCR for RSV, metapneumovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza viruses; and by PCR for adenovirus. hCLCA1 levels in virus positive samples were comparable to those in virus-negative samples. An association between Pneumocystis and increased hCLCA1 expression was documented (P=0.028). Additionally, increasing Pneumocystis burden correlated with increasing hCLCA1 protein expression levels (P=0.017). Results strengthen the evidence of Pneumocystis-associated up-regulation of mucus-related airway responses in infant lungs. Further characterization of this immunocompetent host-Pneumocystis-interaction, including assessment of potential clinical significance, is warranted

Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization to Reach the Maximum Grain and Stover Yields of Maize (Zea mays L.): Tendency Modeling

Utilization of maize stover to the production of meat and milk and saving the grains for human consumption would be one strategy for the optimal usage of resources. Variance and tendency analyses were applied to find the optimal nitrogen (N) fertilization dose (0, 100, 145, 190, 240, and 290 kg/ha) for forage (F), stover (S), cob (C), and grain (G) yields, as well as the optimal grain-to-forage, cob-to-forage, and cob-to-stover ratios (G:F, C:F, and C:S, respectively). The study was performed in central Mexico (20.691389° N and −101.259722° W, 1740 m a.m.s.l.; Cwa (Köppen), 699 mm annual precipitation; alluvial soils). N-190 and N-240 improved the individual yields and ratios the most. Linear and quadratic models for CDM, GDM, and G:F ratio had coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.20–0.46 (p < 0.03). Cubic showed R2 = 0.30–0.72 (p < 0.02), and the best models were for CDM, GDM, and the G:F, C:F, and C:S DM ratios (R2 = 0.60–0.72; p < 0.0002). Neither SHB nor SDM negatively correlated with CDM or GDM (r = 0.23–0.48; p < 0.0001). Excess of N had negative effects on forage, stover, cobs, and grains yields, but optimal N fertilization increased the proportion of the G:F, C:F, and C:S ratios, as well as the SHB and SDM yields, without negative effects on grain production

Probabilistic dynamic analysis of steel buildings with long duration earthquakes

El análisis probabilista del comportamiento sísmico de una estructura requiere cuantificar las incertidumbres de las variables y parámetros involucrados, incluyendo la acción sísmica y las propiedades mecánicas de sus elementos. En este artículo se analiza el comportamiento sísmico de edificios de acero bajos, medianos y altos, sometidos a las acciones sísmicas de larga duración probables de la Ciudad de México. El análisis se efectúa bajo una perspectiva probabilista. Las acciones sísmicas se han seleccionado de forma que sean compatibles con los espectros de diseño, para suelos blandos y sismos de larga duración de esta área. Los análisis dinámicos, se llevan a cabo usando simulaciones Monte Carlo. La resistencia y la ductilidad de vigas y columnas se consideran como variables aleatorias; las acciones sísmicas también se consideran de forma probabilista. El daño esperado es evaluado con el índice de Park y Ang. Los resultados muestran que las incertidumbres esperadas en la respuesta son significativas, siendo la aleatoriedad de la acción sísmica la principal causa. De la comparación entre los valores medianos del enfoque probabilista con los del caso determinista se observa una buena consistencia de los resultados correspondientes a edificios de baja y mediana altura, siendo menor en el comportamiento no lineal de los edificios altos. Los edificios bajos y medianos analizados tienen un comportamiento adecuado antes las acciones sísmicas de la zona de estudio, pero los edificios altos tienen un mayor riesgo sísmico y podrían tener daños leves o moderados. Se concluye que el enfoque probabilista proporciona información más rica sobre la respuesta estructural.The probabilistic analysis of the seismic performance of a structure requires quantifying the uncertainties of the involved variables and parameters, including the seismic action and mechanical properties of its elements. In this article, the seismic performance of high-rise, mid-rise and low-rise of steel buildings, subjected to long duration seismic actions like those of Mexico City, is analyzed. The analysis is conducted by using a probabilistic approach. The seismic actions are selected to be compatible with the design spectra of the Mexican seismic code for soft soils and long duration earthquakes, characteristic for this region. The dynamic analyses are performed by using Monte Carlo simulations. The strength and ductility of the beams and columns are considered random variables; the seismic actions are also modelled in a probabilistic way. The damage index of Park and Ang is used. The results show that the uncertainties expected in the response are significant, being the randomness of the seismic action the main cause. From the comparison between the mean values of the probabilistic approach and those corresponding to the deterministic case, a good consistency of the result obtained for low-rise and mid-rise buildings is observed. Nevertheless, the consistency is lower in the case of high-rise buildings. The analyzed low-rise and mid-rise buildings show a good seismic performance to seismic actions, but the high-rise buildings show slight or moderate damage. It is concluded that the probabilistic approach provides a more complete information on the structural response.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Sero-Epidemiology of Pneumocystis Infection among Infants, Children, and Adults in Chile

Previous serologic surveys show &gt;80% of infants in Chile have anti-Pneumocystis antibodies by 2 years of age, but the seroepidemiology of Pneumocystis infection beyond infancy is unknown. We describe the sero-epidemiology in infants, children, and adults at different locations in Chile. Serum samples were prospectively obtained from 681 healthy adults (age ≥ 17 years) and 690 non-immunocompromised infants/children attending eight blood banks or outpatient clinics (2 in Santiago) in Chile. ELISA was used to measure serum IgM and IgG antibodies to Pneumocystis jirovecii major surface antigen (Msg) constructs MsgA and MsgC1. Serologic responses to Pneumocystis Msg showed a high frequency of reactivity, inferring infection. Among infants/children increasing age and the proportion with detectable IgM responses to MsgA, and IgG responses to MsgA, and MsgC1 were positively associated. Among adults there was almost universal seropositivity to one or more Pneumocystis Msg constructs. In infants and children rates of detectable IgM responses to MsgC1 and MsgA were greater than IgG responses. In Santiago, rates of seropositivity among infants/children were greater in clinics located in a more socio-economically deprived part of the city. In Chile, a serological response to Pneumocystis Msg constructs was common across ages regardless of geographical location and climatic conditions. Observed higher rates of IgM responses than IgG responses is consistent with concept of recent/ongoing exposure to Pneumocystis in children and adults. Higher rates of seropositivity in infants/children residing in more densely populated areas of Santiago infers crowding poses an increased risk of transmission