Sanitary education for students of children teachers directed to dealing with the allergic children at the school

La alergia en edad pediátrica es un problema de salud pública emergente y a su vez complejo de abordar. A pesar de esto, apenas hay protocolos de identificación de alumnos alérgicos y tampoco se incluyen en los planes docentes de los futuros profesores aspectos relacionados con la alergia infantil y del adolescente. Dado que los niños pasan una importante parte de su vida en la escuela, con éste proyecto se pretende formar a estudiantes de Grado en Educación Infantil y Grado en Educación Primaria en nociones básicas sobre qué es y qué supone una alergia alimentaria y/ó un asma, en el reconocimiento de los primeros síntomas de una reacción alérgica y en cómo actuar cuando ésta se ha producido. Se propuso a los participantes (todos alumnos de Magisterio) que rellenaran de forma anónima un cuestionario donde se preguntaba acerca del manejo del niño alérgico en la escuela, mediante 44 preguntas. A continuación se llevarían a cabo varias sesiones formativas y un mes despúes de la formación se volvería a pasar el mismo cuestionario, para valorar la evolución del conocimiento de los alumnos en el tema alergológico. Con el presente trabajo se muestra que los futuros maestros presentan unos conocimientos escasos acerca de la Alergología. Sería conveniente plantear programas de educación sanitaria de patologías cada vez más prevalentes en la población general y especialmente de las que se manifiestan en niños, ya que como se demuestra en este trabajo, la realización de seminarios informativos mejora de forma significativa el conocimiento sobre dicho tema de los futuros docentes en la escuela.Allergic diseases in children are an emergent issue of public health difficult to deal with. nevertheless, there barely are available protocols to identify allergic pupils neither some chapters relative to allergy in childhood and adolescence are included in academic programs of future teachers. Since children spend much time at the school, this project aims to give basic education to future children teachers, directed to know which both asthma and food allergy are, how identify early allergic symptoms, and what to do in front of an allergic episode. A group of students of university school for children teachers were asked to anonymously fill in a survey about the allergic children at the school, including 44 items. After that, an allergist carried out an educational program of basic allergy directed to the participants, and one month later, the same survey was offered to them in order to size the evolution of the knowledge. Future children teachers show a low profile of knowledge about allergy. It would be adequate to give them sanitary education about highly prevalent diseases, particularly in the case of pediatric diseases. This project has demonstrated the high value of educational seminars to improve the aimed results

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Bajo el signo de la luz : la fundación de una utopía andaluza

Esta publicación obtuvo el Primer Premio Joaquín Guichot a investigaciones, experiencias y materiales sobre Andalucía y su cultura en la edición XXVI del curso 2013/2014Se trata de un proyecto intercentros en el que se pretende convertir en aula a la comunidad. Nace para dar respuesta a las inquietudes de un alumnado y una población que ignoran, en buena medida, sus orígenes y los de sus antepasados. Como respuesta a esa necesidad, se vuelve sobre las huellas del tiempo para descubrir la epopeya de las nuevas poblaciones de Sierra Morena y Andalucía; una iniciativa que respondió a los ideales del Siglo de las Luces y a la necesidad de poblar los extensos terrenos que bordeaban el Camino Real. Con el formato de aprendizaje-servicio a la comunidad, el alumnado descubrirá que sus raíces culturales, sus apellidos y tradiciones, lejos de los localismos, provienen de Europa Central y suponen un ejemplo de integración cultural. "Bajo el signo de la luz" va más allá y sueña con llevar la utopía a la educación e intenta convertirse en un paradigma de integración del trabajo de Educación Infantil, Primaria y Secundaria, o de cualesquiera otras enseñanzas, y se apoya en el deseo idealista de dar a conocer la cultura andaluza al alumnado de nuestra Comunidad Autónoma.AndalucíaES

Subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin for prevention of disease in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trialResearch in context

Summary: Background: Anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin (hIG) can provide standardized and controlled antibody content. Data from controlled clinical trials using hIG for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outpatients have not been reported. We assessed the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin 20% (C19-IG20%) compared to placebo in preventing development of symptomatic COVID-19 in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We did a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, in asymptomatic unvaccinated adults (≥18 years of age) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 5 days between April 28 and December 27, 2021. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive a blinded subcutaneous infusion of 10 mL with 1 g or 2 g of C19-IG20%, or an equivalent volume of saline as placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants who remained asymptomatic through day 14 after infusion. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of individuals who required oxygen supplementation, any medically attended visit, hospitalisation, or ICU, and viral load reduction and viral clearance in nasopharyngeal swabs. Safety was assessed as the proportion of patients with adverse events. The trial was terminated early due to a lack of potential benefit in the target population in a planned interim analysis conducted in December 2021. ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT04847141. Findings: 461 individuals (mean age 39.6 years [SD 12.8]) were randomized and received the intervention within a mean of 3.1 (SD 1.27) days from a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. In the prespecified modified intention-to-treat analysis that included only participants who received a subcutaneous infusion, the primary outcome occurred in 59.9% (91/152) of participants receiving 1 g C19-IG20%, 64.7% (99/153) receiving 2 g, and 63.5% (99/156) receiving placebo (difference in proportions 1 g C19-IG20% vs. placebo, −3.6%; 95% CI -14.6% to 7.3%, p = 0.53; 2 g C19-IG20% vs placebo, 1.1%; −9.6% to 11.9%, p = 0.85). None of the secondary clinical efficacy endpoints or virological endpoints were significantly different between study groups. Adverse event rate was similar between groups, and no severe or life-threatening adverse events related to investigational product infusion were reported. Interpretation: Our findings suggested that administration of subcutaneous human hyperimmune immunoglobulin C19-IG20% to asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection was safe but did not prevent development of symptomatic COVID-19. Funding: Grifols

High PEEP with recruitment maneuvers versus Low PEEP During General Anesthesia for Surgery -a Bayesian individual patient data meta-analysis of three randomized clinical trials

Background: The influence of high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with recruitment maneuvers on the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications after surgery is still not definitively established. Bayesian analysis can help to gain further insights from the available data and provide a probabilistic framework that is easier to interpret. Our objective was to estimate the posterior probability that the use of high PEEP with recruitment maneuvers is associated with reduced postoperative pulmonary complications in patients with intermediate-to-high risk under neutral, pessimistic, and optimistic expectations regarding the treatment effect. Methods: Multilevel Bayesian logistic regression analysis on individual patient data from three randomized clinical trials carried out on surgical patients at Intermediate-to-High Risk for postoperative pulmonary complications. The main outcome was the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications in the early postoperative period. We studied the effect of high PEEP with recruitment maneuvers versus Low PEEP Ventilation. Priors were chosen to reflect neutral, pessimistic, and optimistic expectations of the treatment effect. Results: Using a neutral, pessimistic, or optimistic prior, the posterior mean odds ratio (OR) for High PEEP with recruitment maneuvers compared to Low PEEP was 0.85 (95% Credible Interval [CrI] 0.71 to 1.02), 0.87 (0.72 to 1.04), and 0.86 (0.71 to 1.02), respectively. Regardless of prior beliefs, the posterior probability of experiencing a beneficial effect exceeded 90%. Subgroup analysis indicated a more pronounced effect in patients who underwent laparoscopy (OR: 0.67 [0.50 to 0.87]) and those at high risk for PPCs (OR: 0.80 [0.53 to 1.13]). Sensitivity analysis, considering severe postoperative pulmonary complications only or applying a different heterogeneity prior, yielded consistent results. Conclusion: High PEEP with recruitment maneuvers demonstrated a moderate reduction in the probability of PPC occurrence, with a high posterior probability of benefit observed consistently across various prior beliefs, particularly among patients who underwent laparoscopy

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field