HIV interactions with monocytes and dendritic cells: viral latency and reservoirs

HIV is a devastating human pathogen that causes serious immunological diseases in humans around the world. The virus is able to remain latent in an infected host for many years, allowing for the long-term survival of the virus and inevitably prolonging the infection process. The location and mechanisms of HIV latency are under investigation and remain important topics in the study of viral pathogenesis. Given that HIV is a blood-borne pathogen, a number of cell types have been proposed to be the sites of latency, including resting memory CD4+ T cells, peripheral blood monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages in the lymph nodes, and haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. This review updates the latest advances in the study of HIV interactions with monocytes and dendritic cells, and highlights the potential role of these cells as viral reservoirs and the effects of the HIV-host-cell interactions on viral pathogenesis

Italian Version of the Physical Therapy Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties.

Background Patient satisfaction is an important measure for evaluating interventions in health care. No patient satisfaction questionnaire for physical therapy treatment has been validated to date for use in an Italian outpatient population. Objective The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Italian version of the Physical Therapy Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PTPSQ-I). Design A measurement study was conducted. Methods The PTPSQ-I was developed through forward-backward translation, final review, and pre-final version. An acceptability analysis was first conducted. Reliability was measured by internal consistency (Cronbach \u3b1), and a factor analysis was applied to investigate the internal structure. Divergent validity was measured by comparing the PTPSQ-I with a visual analog scale (VAS) and with a 5-point Likert-type scale evaluating the global perceived effect (GPE) for the physical therapy treatment. Results The process for developing the PTPSQ-I required 3 months using data on 315 outpatients. Based on our initial analyses, 5 items were deleted from the PTPSQ-I, which was renamed the PTPSQ-I(15). The PTPSQ-I(15) showed high internal consistency (\u3b1=.905). Divergent validity was moderate for the GPE (r=.33) but not significant for the VAS (r= 12.07). A factor analysis revealed evidence for a 2-factor structure related to perceived \u201cOverall Experience\u201d and \u201cProfessional Impression\u201d that explained 62% of the total variance. A third factor, \u201cEfficiency and Convenience,\u201d brought explained total variance to near 70%. Limitations It may be necessary to add items to the PTPSQ-I(15) to assess other dimensions not currently represented by these 15 items. Conclusion The PTPSQ-I(15) showed good psychometric properties, and its use can be recommended with Italian-speaking outpatient populations

Italian version of the physical therapy patient satisfaction questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties

Background. Patient satisfaction is an important measure for evaluating interventions in health care. No patient satisfaction questionnaire for physical therapy treatment has been validated to date for use in an Italian outpatient population. Objective. The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Italian version of the Physical Therapy Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PTPSQ-I). Design. A measurement study was conducted. Methods. The PTPSQ-I was developed through forward-backward translation, final review, and pre-final version. An acceptability analysis was first conducted. Reliability was measured by internal consistency (Cronbach a), and a factor analysis was applied to investigate the internal structure. Divergent validity was measured by comparing the PTPSQ-I with a visual analog scale (VAS) and with a 5-point Likert-type scale evaluating the global perceived effect (GPE) for the physical therapy treatment. Results. The process for developing the PTPSQ-I required 3 months using data on 315 outpatients. Based on our initial analyses, 5 items were deleted from the PTPSQ-I, which was renamed the PTPSQ-I(15). The PTPSQ-I(15) showed high internal consistency (a =.905). Divergent validity was moderate for the GPE (r=.33) but not significant for the VAS (r= -.07). A factor analysis revealed evidence for a 2-factor structure related to perceived "Overall Experience" and "Professional Impression" that explained 62% of the total variance. A third factor, "Efficiency and Convenience," brought explained total variance to near 70%. Limitations. It may be necessary to add items to the PTPSQ-I(15) to assess other dimensions not currently represented by these 15 items. Conclusion. The PTPSQ-I(15) showed good psychometric properties, and its use can be recommended with Italian-speaking outpatient population