Advanced Risk Analysis for Biological Hazards in Greek PDO Food Products

The present research received fund from the Single State Action Aid for Research, Technological Development & Innovation «INVESTIGATE - CREATE – INNOVATE" project "Trust Trace" T1EDK-04028. Abstract Food safety is increasingly concern both consumers and public health authorities. Food safety management systems have been implemented in food industry in order to protect consumer’s health. Moreover, risk analysis strategies are usually included in food safety management plans. The aim of this study was to present and suggest an integrated system for risk analysis in food industry. Risk assessment combined with Next Generation Sequencing technology were performed. Greek food products which hold a PDO or PGI quality scheme (Avgotaracho Mesolonghiou and Vostizza currant) were selected as case studies because of their uniqueness and economic impact. From the results obtained, existing strategies were adequate in terms of Greek regulation for pathogens in foodstuff. However, NGS technique opens up possibilities to detect total microbiota of food products and minimize possible foodborne incidents. NGS analysis of Greek PDO products identified bacterial species (Bacillus cereus and Acitenobacter Venetianus) that can provide managers extra information about potential consumers’ exposure to biological hazards. In conclusion, by advanced risk analysis, existing limitations regarding foodborne pathogens could be addressed. Therefore, this integrated risk analysis plan should be implemented in food industry in terms of food safety. Keywords: biological hazards, food industry, NGS, risk assessment, risk factors DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/117-05 Publication date:July 31st 202

Molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus isolates from environmental and clinical samples in Greece

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains detected in environmental and clinical samples were analysed to characterize the genotypes of HAV circulating in Greece. Fifty (50) sewage samples were collected from Patras (South-Western Greece) and Alexandroupolis (North-Eastern Greece) from 2007 until 2009, accordingly. The clinical samples derived from an HAV outbreak involved populations from three neighbouring prefectures of North-Eastern Greece (Xanthi, Rodopi, and Evros). HAV particles were detected by nested RT-PCR, using a previously validated set of primers to amplify a 290-bp fragment encompassing the 5'-NTR. Positive HAV samples were confirmed by sequencing of the PCR product. To determine the relatedness between the different isolated sequences, a phylogenetic tree was constructed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Results showed a 100% prevalence of genotype I, and particularly subgenotype IA. The analyzed HAV strains were closely related between them with the percentage of nucleotide identity ranging between 96% and 100%.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The study revealed the major prevalence of circulating strains of IA genotype in Greece and underlined the usefulness of molecular methods for the detection and typing of viruses in both environmental and clinical samples. The present study is, to our knowledge, the first in Greece to depict the simultaneous molecular characterization of HAV strains isolated from both clinical and environmental samples.</p

Development of an optimized method for the detection of airborne viruses with real-time PCR analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Airborne viruses remain one of the major public health issues worldwide. Detection and quantification of airborne viruses is essential in order to provide information regarding public health risk assessment.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>In this study, an optimized new, simple, low cost method for sampling of airborne viruses using Low Melting Agarose (LMA) plates and a conventional microbial air sampling device has been developed. The use of LMA plates permits the direct nucleic acids extraction of the captured viruses without the need of any preliminary elution step. Molecular detection and quantification of airborne viruses is performed using real-time quantitative (RT-)PCR (Q(RT-)PCR) technique. The method has been tested using Adenoviruses (AdVs) and Noroviruses (NoVs) GII, as representative DNA and RNA viruses, respectively. Moreover, the method has been tested successfully in outdoor experiments, by detecting and quantifying human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in the airborne environment of a wastewater treatment plant.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The great advantage of LMA is that nucleic acids extraction is performed directly on the LMA plates, while the eluted nucleic acids are totally free of inhibitory substances. Coupled with QPCR the whole procedure can be completed in less than three (3) hours.</p

Molecular detection of multiple viral targets in untreated urban sewage from Greece

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Urban sewage virological analysis may produce important information about the strains that cause clinical and subclinical infections in the population, thus supporting epidemiological studies.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In the present study, a twenty one-month survey (November 2007 to July 2009) was conducted in order to evaluate the presence of human adenoviruses (hAdV), hepatitis A viruses (HAV), hepatitis E viruses (HEV), Noroviruses (NoV), and human Polyomaviruses (hPyV) in untreated sewage samples collected from the inlet of Patras' municipal biological wastewater treatment plant, located in southwestern Greece. Nucleic acid amplification techniques were applied for viral nucleic acid detection. Positive samples were confirmed by sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analysis was performed on the isolated viral strains.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In total, viruses were detected in 87.5% (42/48) of sewage samples. AdVs, PyVs, HAV, and NoVs were detected in 45.8% (22/48), 68.8% (33/48), 8.3% (4/48), and 6.3% (3/48) of the samples collected from the plant's inlet, while HEV was not detected at all. Adenovirus types 8 (Ad8), 40 (Ad40) and 41 (Ad41) were recognized, while JC and BK polyomaviruses were recorded. Noroviruses were identified as GII.4. HAV was typed as genotype IA.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our study demonstrates the advantages of environmental surveillance as a tool to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of community circulating viruses. We underline the need of environmental surveillance programs in countries such as Greece with inadequate and problematic epidemiological surveillance system and no environmental surveillance system currently in action.</p

Epidemiological investigation of two parallel gastroenteritis outbreaks in school settings

BACKGROUND: Two parallel gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred in an elementary school and a neighboring kindergarten in Kilkis, Northern Greece in 2012. The aim of the study was the investigation of these two parallel outbreaks as well as their possible source. METHODS: Two retrospective cohort studies were performed to identify the mode and the vehicle of transmission as well as the possible connection between them. RESULTS: Elementary school and kindergarten populations of 79.9% (119/149) and 51.1% (23/45) respectively, participated in the study. Case definition was satisfied by 65 pupils from the elementary school and 14 from the kindergarten. For elementary school, 53 cases were considered primary cases of the outbreak and were included in the analysis. Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, consumption of tap water was the only statistically significant independent risk factor of gastroenteritis (RR = 2.34, 95% C.I.: 1.55-3.53).; a finding supported by the shape of the epidemic curve which referred to a common point source outbreak with secondary cases. For kindergarten, no statistically significant risk factor was identified, and the epidemic curve supported a person-to-person transmission according univariate analysis. Norovirus GI and GII and human Adenovirus were detected by Real Time PCR in stool samples from seven children of elementary school, but stool samples were not collected by children of the kindergarten. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the etiological agent of the outbreak was not verified, combined epidemiological and laboratory results were in favor of a waterborne viral gastroenteritis outbreak at the elementary school, followed by a person to person spread at the kindergarten

Environmental Surveillance. An Additional/Alternative Approach for Virological Surveillance in Greece?

The detection of viruses in the sewage of an urban city by nucleic acid amplification techniques allows the identification of the viral strains that are circulating in the community. The aim of the study was the application of such detection which gives useful data on the distribution, spread, and frequency of these viruses, supporting epidemiological studies of the related viral infections. A two year (2007–2009) survey was conducted in order to evaluate the presence of human adenoviruses (hAdV), hepatitis A viruses (HAV), hepatitis E viruses (HEV), noroviruses (NoV), and human polyomaviruses (hPyV) in sewage samples collected from the inlet of a municipal biological wastewater treatment plant located in southwestern Greece. PCR methods were used for this survey. In total, viruses have been detected in 87.5% (42/48) of the analyzed sewage samples. Analytically, DNA viruses, hAdVs and hPyVs have been detected in 45.8% (22/48) and 68.8% (33/48) of the samples, respectively. As it concerns RNA viruses, HAV was detected in 8.3% (4/48), NoVs in 6.3% (3/48), while HEV has not been detected at all. After sequencing, AdVs were typed as Ad8, Ad40 and Ad41, while both JC and BK hPyVs have been recognized. All NoVs have been identified as GII4, while HAV was typed as genotype IA. Similar long-term studies could be undertaken in countries such as Greece in order to offer a valuable and complementary tool to current problematic epidemiological surveillance systems. This study demonstrates the advantages of environmental surveillance as a tool to determine the epidemiology of viruses circulating in a given community. To our knowledge this was the first of its kind study performed in Greece in order to establish this new way of surveillance

Choose the healthy way! Physical activity as a tool to improve mental health in young cancer survivors

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A Gastroenteritis Outbreak Caused by Noroviruses in Greece

In June 2006, an outbreak alert regarding cases of acute gastroenteritis in a region in North Eastern Greece (population 100,882 inhabitants), triggered investigations to guide control measures. The outbreak started the first days of June, and peaked in July. A descriptive epidemiological study, a virological characterization of the viral agent identified from cases as well as a phylogenetic analysis was performed. From June 5 to September 3, 2006 (weeks 23–44), 1,640 cases of gastroenteritis (45.2% male and 54.8% female, aged 3 months to 89 years) were reported. The overall attack rate for the period was 16.3 cases/1,000 inhabitants. About 57% of cases observed were under the age of 15 years. nalysis of faecal samples identified Norovirus GII strains. Fifteen different Norovirus GII strains were recorded, presenting a homology of 94.8% (86–97%) to GII strains obtained from GenBank. The long duration of the outbreak suggests an important role of person-to-person transmission, while the emergence of the outbreak was possibly due to contaminated potable water, although no viruses were detected in any tested water samples. This outbreak underscores the need for a national surveillance system for acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks

Achaiki Iatriki : official publication of the medical society of western Greece and Peloponnesus

In the current issue, the editorial by Cauchi et al. argues for eco-friendly measures in endoscopy and emphasies the role of healthcare providers in reducing waste. The editorial adeptly employs the three Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) framework to tackle waste management, offering practical solutions. The editorial by Milionis et al. focuses on the reverse cascade screening for paediatric familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), which is an upcoming tool for public health. Advantages, practices, and challenges regarding FH are thoroughly discussed. Lastly, the editorial by Fousekis et al. presents the main aspects of a chronic immune-mediated cutaneous disease, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), which constitutes an extraintestinal manifestation of celiac disease, including its diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management. Moreover, this issue includes three review articles. The review article by Krontira et al. discusses the evolving data on the epidemiology, diagnostic approach and appropriate management of foreign body and caustic substance ingestion, based on updated guidelines published by gastroenterological and endoscopic societies. The review by Halliasos et al. provides data on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of metastatic acute spinal cord compression, focusing on the importance of a multidisciplinary team approach, including spine surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, palliative care clinicians, physiotherapists, and psychologists. Lastly, the review by Schinas et al. outlines the potential of immune modulation in the treatment of infections and the need for individualised approaches in the modern world of personalised medicine by examining some of the key strategies and immune-based therapies being developed to combat infectious diseases.peer-reviewe

Microbiological Factors of Food Quality for Risk Assessments in Europe: A Systematic Review

Public authorities and consumers worldwide are increasingly concern about food quality and safety. Europe has established and suggested management systems in food industry that control hazards in food products. However, outbreak incidents by foodborne pathogens existing until now. European studies that present microbiological risk factors or studies which have conducted microbiological risk assessments about a variety of food products, which represent increased risk of harboring pathogens, are included. By using PRISMA guideline, we searched for the most recent publications from 2017-2021 referring microbiological risk assessments from online databases Scopus, PubMed and Science Direct. From 505 articles initially captured, data was extracted from 84 studies regarding microbiological risk factors in terms of food quality and safety, that are evidenced in European studies. Moreover, information about country of origin, food type, production phase and technology used for detection of pathogens, are also presented. Our results, indicate that quality systems should be further developed in order to control all possible routes of contamination in the supply chain. This work provides information to managers in food industry and scientists for further research regarding microbiological risk assessments. Keywords: microbiological risk assessment, risk factors, food quality, food safety, foodborne pathogens DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/113-03 Publication date: February 28th 2022