168 research outputs found

    La collaboration enseignante-chercheure : étude de cas relative à l'enseignement de l'écriture littéraire à l'école primaire

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    L’apprentissage de l’écriture dans les Ă©coles primaires soulĂšve des inquiĂ©tudes frĂ©quemment renouvelĂ©es tant dans la sociĂ©tĂ© francophone que dans la communautĂ© Ă©ducative et dans les milieux de recherche. Aux questions que soulĂšvent la conceptualisation de la complexitĂ© de l’apprentissage de l’écriture littĂ©raire et la conception d’activitĂ©s didactico-pĂ©dagogiques concernant son enseignement dans les Ă©coles primaires, s’ajoute celle de la relation qu’entretiennent chercheurs et enseignants Ă  cet Ă©gard. Situant ma recherche dans le contexte d’un tournant actionnel et mobilisant principalement les cadres thĂ©oriques de l’interactionnisme symbolique et de la ThĂ©orie de l’action conjointe en didactique, je me suis intĂ©ressĂ©e aux interactions entre une enseignante et une chercheure Ă  propos de l’enseignement de l’écriture littĂ©raire Ă  l’école primaire. J’ai envisagĂ© l’écriture littĂ©raire comme une activitĂ© complexe nĂ©cessitant, d’une part, que l’enfant mobilise un grand nombre de savoirs sur la langue et qu’il fasse preuve de crĂ©ativitĂ© littĂ©raire et, d’autre part, que l’enseignant lui apporte un soutien ajustĂ© Ă  ses besoins tout au long de la dĂ©marche d’écriture en adoptant Ă  la fois le rĂŽle de coauteur, de lecteur et de guide. Ma recherche doctorale s’est dĂ©roulĂ©e dans le contexte d’une Ă©tude longitudinale de type Recherche-Action-Formation et elle visait Ă  comprendre comment les interactions entre enseignante et chercheure pouvaient, dans ce contexte de recherche, soutenir l’appropriation par une enseignante d’une approche didactico-pĂ©dagogique de l’enseignement de l’écriture littĂ©raire. M’appuyant sur un paradigme constructiviste, j’ai fait le choix mĂ©thodologique d’une Ă©tude de cas. J’ai travaillĂ© avec une enseignante durant une annĂ©e scolaire, alternant les moments de coenseignement de l’écriture dans sa classe et les rencontres de travail permettant une rĂ©flexion commune concernant les interventions Ă  dĂ©ployer auprĂšs de ses Ă©lĂšves. Les analyses que j’ai rĂ©alisĂ©es ont permis de comprendre, dans le cadre d’une collaboration enseignante-chercheure, la dynamique d’appropriation d’une approche didactico-pĂ©dagogique de l’enseignement de l’écriture littĂ©raire. Le premier registre d’analyse m’a permis de documenter le dĂ©roulement des interactions enseignante-chercheure en situation de collaboration et les interventions de l’enseignante auprĂšs des enfants lors d’activitĂ©s d’écriture littĂ©raire. Le second registre m’a quant Ă  lui permis de documenter, au fil des interactions et de l’alternance des moments de formation et d’action, la transformation des regards portĂ©s par l’enseignante et la chercheure sur les objets de savoir placĂ©s au coeur de la relation didactique. Les rĂ©sultats de ces analyses ont ainsi permis de comprendre que pour que les interactions enseignante-chercheure favorisent une nĂ©gociation de l’approche didactico-pĂ©dagogique, il importait que les objets de savoirs placĂ©s au coeur des interactions rĂ©pondent Ă  un besoin de formation de l’enseignante. Comme chercheure, je pouvais toutefois contribuer Ă  la construction de ce besoin en amenant l’enseignante Ă  vivre des situations de dĂ©sĂ©quilibre ancrĂ©es dans ses expĂ©riences d’enseignement. Ma recherche a Ă©galement conduit Ă  dĂ©gager des niveaux de transaction enseignante-chercheure dĂ©crivant les significations graduellement nĂ©gociĂ©es au fil des rencontres de travail ainsi que la dynamique des interactions ayant contribuĂ© Ă  l’évolution des nĂ©gociations de sens. Elle a ainsi montrĂ© qu’en ce qui concerne l’analyse des compĂ©tences des enfants, les significations ont pu ĂȘtre nĂ©gociĂ©es dans le contexte d’ajustements mutuels. En ce qui concerne la nĂ©gociation des pistes d’intervention auprĂšs des enfants, l’analyse m’a permis de relever que les propositions didactico-pĂ©dagogiques avaient dĂ» faire l’objet de dĂ©bats d’expertes dans le cadre desquels enseignante et chercheure pouvaient croiser leurs points de vue et leurs expertises acquises dans leurs milieux respectifs. Enfin, ma recherche a contribuĂ© Ă  comprendre que pour favoriser l’appropriation d’une approche didactico-pĂ©dagogique de l’écriture par une enseignante, il importait, d’une part, de construire une relation de confiance entre enseignante et chercheure et, d’autre part, d’offrir l’occasion d’alterner les moments de formation et d’action se dĂ©roulant dans la classe de l’enseignante

    Vitamin D and adult bone health in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement

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    The document attached has been archived with permission from the editor of the Medical Journal of Australia. An external link to the publisher’s copy is included.See page 3 of PDF for this item.Simon J Vanlin

    Vitamin D and people with intellectual disability

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    Copyright © 2008 Royal Australian College of General Practitioners Copyright to Australian Family Physician. Reproduced with permission. Permission to reproduce must be sought from the publisher, The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners.BACKGROUND: Vitamin D is essential for the normal functioning of a diverse range of metabolic processes, especially bone health. It is widely appreciated that the elderly are at increased risk of vitamin D insufficiency, but it is less well known that people with intellectual disability are also at increased risk. OBJECTIVE: This article summarises the issues regarding vitamin D in people with intellectual disability, making recommendations about screening, management and follow up. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of intellectual disability in the Australian population has been estimated at just over 1%, implying that most general practitioners will care for several people with intellectual disability. Relatively simple steps are likely to have a significant impact on the health of this vulnerable group of people.Simon Vanlint, Michael Nugent and Seeta Durvasul

    Rapid Acquisition of Gigapascal-High-Pressure Resistance by Escherichia coli

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    Pressure and temperature are important environmental variables that influence living systems. However, while they vary over a considerable range on Earth and other planets, it has hardly been addressed how straightforwardly and to what extent cellular life can acquire resistance to extremes of these parameters within a defined genomic context and a limited number of generations. Nevertheless, this is a very pertinent question with respect to the penetration of life in allegedly inhospitable environments. In this study, directed evolution was used to reveal the potential of the nonsporulating and mesophilic model bacterium Escherichia coli to develop the ability to survive exposure to high temperature or pressure. While heat resistance could only marginally be increased, our data show that piezoresistance could readily and reproducibly be extended into the GPa range, thereby greatly exceeding the currently recognized maximum for growth or survival

    Narrar a vulnerabilidade escolar: concepção de uma abordagem metodológica

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    Dans cet article, nous proposons une dĂ©marche mĂ©thodologique pour l’étude de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© liĂ©e Ă  des difficultĂ©s scolaires de l’enfant en l’envisageant sous l’angle de trois acteurs : l’enfant, l’enseignant et le parent. Empruntant une dĂ©marche comprĂ©hensive d’inspiration ethnographique et clinique, nous avons Ă©laborĂ© un dispositif de recueil de rĂ©cits et trois protocoles d’entretien clinique-dialogique appropriĂ©s Ă  chacun de ces acteurs. GuidĂ©e par l’objectif de cerner le discours tenu au regard de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© de certains enfants aux prises avec des difficultĂ©s scolaires, notre dĂ©marche est Ă©galement critique en ce sens qu’elle prĂ©sente une interaction dialectique ouverte entre les chercheuses et leurs participants oĂč les premiĂšres questionnent les seconds dans le but de lever le voile sur leurs construits eu Ă©gard Ă  notre objet d’étude. Cette proposition mĂ©thodologique s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche qui vise Ă  interroger les fondements thĂ©oriques au regard desquels sont conceptualisĂ©es les difficultĂ©s scolaires (sociologique, pĂ©dagogique, mĂ©dical, psychologique) avec la finalitĂ© de pourvoir des ressources pour agir ensemble.&nbsp

    Epidemiology of arthritis, chronic back pain, gout, osteoporosis, spondyloarthropathies and rheumatoid arthritis among 1.5 million patients in Australian general practice: NPS MedicineWise MedicineInsight dataset

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    Background: Previous estimates for the prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions (MSK) and chronic pain in Australia have been based on self-report. We aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of arthritis, chronic back pain, gout, osteoporosis, spondyloarthropathies and rheumatoid arthritis and current consultations for chronic pain among adults attending Australian general practice, and describe their distribution according to sociodemographic characteristics and presence of co-morbidities. Methods: We investigated 1,501,267 active adult patients (57.6% females; 22.5% ≄65y) evaluated between 2013 and 2016 and included in the MedicineInsight database (a National Prescribing Service MedicineWise program), a large general practice data program that extracts longitudinal de-identified electronic medical record data from ‘active’ patients in over 550 practices. Three main groups of outcomes were investigated: 1) “prevalence” of arthritis, chronic back pain, gout, osteoporosis, spondyloarthropathies, and/or rheumatoid arthritis between 2000 and 2016; 2) “current” diagnosis/encounter for the same conditions occurring between 2013 and 2016, and; 3) “current” consultations for chronic pain of any type occurring between 2013 and 2016. Results: The combined “prevalence” of the investigated MSK (diagnosis between 2000 and 2016) among adults attending Australian general practice was 16.8% (95%CI 15.9;17.7) with 21.3% (95%CI 20.2;22.4) of the sample consulting for chronic pain between 2013 and 2016. The investigated MSK with the highest “prevalence” were arthritis (9.5%) and chronic back pain (6.7%). Patients with some of these MSK attended general practices more frequently than those without these conditions (median 2.0 and 1.0 contacts/year, respectively). The “prevalence” of the investigated MSK and “current” consultations for chronic pain increased with age, especially in women, but chronic pain remained stable at 22% for males aged > 40 years. The investigated MSK and chronic pain were more frequent among those in lower socioeconomic groups, veterans, Aboriginal and Torrent Strait Islanders, current and ex-smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or heart failure. Conclusions: The investigated MSK are more frequent among lower socioeconomic groups and the elderly. Based on information collected from adults attending Australian general practices, MedicineInsight provided similar estimates to those obtained from population-based studies, with the advantage of being based on medical diagnosis and including a national sample.David Alejandro GonzĂĄlez-Chica, Simon Vanlint, Elizabeth Hoon and Nigel Stock

    Does vitamin D sufficiency equate to a single serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D level or are different levels required for non-skeletal diseases?

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    Objective: Clarify the concept of vitamin D sufficiency, the relationship between efficacy and vitamin D status and the role of Vitamin D supplementation in the management of non-skeletal diseases. We outline reasons for anticipating different serum vitamin D levels are required for different diseases. Method: Review the literature for evidence of efficacy of supplementation and minimum effective 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels in non-skeletal disease. Results: Evidence of efficacy of vitamin supplementation is graded according to levels of evidence. Minimum effective serum 25-OHD levels are lower for skeletal disease, e.g., rickets (25 nmol/L), osteoporosis and fractures (50 nmol/L), than for premature mortality (75 nmol/L) or non-skeletal diseases, e.g., depression (75 nmol/L), diabetes and cardiovascular disease (80 nmol/L), falls and respiratory infections (95 nmol/L) and cancer (100 nmol/L). Conclusions: Evidence for the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation at serum 25-OHD levels ranging from 25 to 100 nmol/L has been obtained from trials with vitamin D interventions that change vitamin D status by increasing serum 25-OHD to a level consistent with sufficiency for that disease. This evidence supports the hypothesis that just as vitamin D metabolism is tissue dependent, so the serum levels of 25-OHD signifying deficiency or sufficiency are disease dependent.Simon Spedding, Simon Vanlint, Howard Morris and Robert Scrag

    Vitamin D and obesity

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    Obesity is a significant health problem world-wide, particularly in developed nations. Vitamin D deficiency is pandemic, and has been implicated in a wide variety of disease states. This paper seeks to examine the consistently reported relationship between obesity and low vitamin D concentrations, with reference to the possible underlying mechanisms. The possibility that vitamin D may assist in preventing or treating obesity is also examined, and recommendations for future research are made. There is a clear need for adequately-powered, prospective interventions which include baseline measurement of 25D concentrations and involve adequate doses of supplemental vitamin D. Until such studies have been reported, the role of vitamin D supplementation in obesity prevention remains uncertain.Simon Vanlin

    A qualitative exploration of GPs’ perspectives on managing chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain in Australian general practice – a focus group study

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    Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International LicenseObjective: Chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain (CNMP) is a complex idiopathic condition that causes significant disruption to patients’ lives, their relationships, and functionality. The cause of CNMP is not fully understood, which makes diagnosis and management challenging. As general practitioners (GPs) are central to the management of chronic pain, their perspectives on managing CNMP are important. Purpose: To explore the clinical reasoning GPs use when diagnosing and managing CNMP. Methods: A qualitative study design using focus group discussion was conducted with Australian GPs. Five focus group discussion were conducted across Adelaide. All focus group discussions were audio-recorded, and transcripts were coded and analyzed thematically with the program NVivo. Results: The main themes remained consistent across the five focus group discussion’s: the ambiguous cause of CNMP; sex differences; developing the “right strategy”; patient-centered care; and verifying vitamin D levels. Conclusion: The findings show that GPs use a patient-centered approach tailored to individual patients’ medical history, physical examination findings, and psychosocial health. There was general concern about low levels of vitamin D in patients with CNMP, and vitamin D supplements were recommended if indicated by a patient’s history
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