Migrations of modern man

Na temelju genetičkih istraživanja i fosilnog zapisa nastale su dvije prevladavajuće teorije nastanka modernog čovjeka, multiregionalna hipoteza i teorija izlaska iz Afrike. Za sada se teorija postanka modernog čovjeka u Africi te njegova neposredna migracija izvan Afrike u Aziju te u sve ostale regije svijeta čini točnijom. Modifikacije teorije izlaska čovjeka iz Afrike govore o višestrukim migracijama iz Afrike ili miješanju populacija modernog čovjeka s arhaičnim hominidima. Biološkim i tehnološkim inovacijama je moderni čovjek bio prisiljen migrirati te je usput došlo do raznih efekata evolucije nad migrirajućim populacijama koje smo dokazali genetičkim analizama današnjih populacija i arheološkim nalazima. Na temelju arheoloških nalaza određeni su nastanci novih tehnologija, kultura i početci novih migracija.Based on genetic research and fossil record, there exist two predominant theories on the origin of a modern humans, multiregional hypothesis and out of Africa theory. For now, the theory of the emergence of a modern human in Africa and his immediate migration outside of Africa to Asia and in all the other regions of the world seems more accurate. Modifications of the theory of human migration from Africa point towards multiple migrations from Africa or by mixing populations of modern humans with archaic hominids. Modern humans were forced to migrate thanks to biological and technological innovations, and various evolutionary effects happened upon migratory populations, which we have proven through genetic analysis of today's populations and archeological findings. Based on archaeological findings, establishing of new technologies, cultures and the beginnings of new migrations have been identified

Migrations of modern man

Na temelju genetičkih istraživanja i fosilnog zapisa nastale su dvije prevladavajuće teorije nastanka modernog čovjeka, multiregionalna hipoteza i teorija izlaska iz Afrike. Za sada se teorija postanka modernog čovjeka u Africi te njegova neposredna migracija izvan Afrike u Aziju te u sve ostale regije svijeta čini točnijom. Modifikacije teorije izlaska čovjeka iz Afrike govore o višestrukim migracijama iz Afrike ili miješanju populacija modernog čovjeka s arhaičnim hominidima. Biološkim i tehnološkim inovacijama je moderni čovjek bio prisiljen migrirati te je usput došlo do raznih efekata evolucije nad migrirajućim populacijama koje smo dokazali genetičkim analizama današnjih populacija i arheološkim nalazima. Na temelju arheoloških nalaza određeni su nastanci novih tehnologija, kultura i početci novih migracija.Based on genetic research and fossil record, there exist two predominant theories on the origin of a modern humans, multiregional hypothesis and out of Africa theory. For now, the theory of the emergence of a modern human in Africa and his immediate migration outside of Africa to Asia and in all the other regions of the world seems more accurate. Modifications of the theory of human migration from Africa point towards multiple migrations from Africa or by mixing populations of modern humans with archaic hominids. Modern humans were forced to migrate thanks to biological and technological innovations, and various evolutionary effects happened upon migratory populations, which we have proven through genetic analysis of today's populations and archeological findings. Based on archaeological findings, establishing of new technologies, cultures and the beginnings of new migrations have been identified

Expression of candidate biomarkers in human testicular germ cell tumor

Tumori zametnih stanica testisa (TGCT, od eng. testicular germ cell tumor) su heterogena skupina neoplazmi koja se dijeli na seminome i neseminome. Često se javljaju kao miješani tumori zametnih stanica. U svrhu postavljanja precizne dijagnoze i detekcije prisutnosti određenog histološkog podtipa, koriste se biomarkeri kao reproducibilni izvor objektivne informacije o zdravstvenom stanju pacijenta. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je istražiti specifičnost antigena OCT3/4 (gen POU5F1) i TDGF1 (gen TDGF1) na pojedine komponente TGCT-a i njihov potencijal kao dijagnostičkih biomarkera. Metode koje sam koristio su histološko bojenje, imunohistokemija i statistička obrada podataka. Nakon što sam histološki obojio rezove tkiva hemalum-eozinom, klinički patolog je utvrdio prisutnost i tip pojedinih komponenti unutar parafinskih uzoraka tkiva. Imunohistokemijskim bojenjem rezova tkiva iz istih histoloških blokova, analizirana je ekspresija gena od interesa na proteinskoj razini. Kvantifikaciju signala u pojedinoj TGCT komponenti proveo je klinički patolog, nakon čega sam proveo statističku obradu podataka. Rezultati su ukazali na značajnu razinu ekspresije antigena OCT3/4 u stanicama embrionalnog karcinoma, seminoma i neoplazije zametnih stanica in situ, te TDGF1 u stanicama embrionalnog karcinoma, teratoma i neoplazije zametnih stanica in situ. Kombinacijom bojenja na oba antigena može se razlikovati prisutnost seminoma u tkivima bojanim s OCT3/4 i teratoma u tkivima bojanim s TDGF1.Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that are divided into seminomas and nonseminomas. Often, they occur as mixed germ cell tumors. In order to make an accurate diagnosis and detect the presence of a certain histological subtype, biomarkers are used as a reproducible source of objective information about the patient's health status. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the specificity of the antigen OCT3/4 (gene POU5F1) and TDGF1 (gene TDGF1) on individual components of TGCT and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers. The methods I used were histological staining, immunohistochemistry, and statistical data processing. After histological staining of tissue sections with hemalum-eosin, a clinical pathologist determined the presence of individual component within the paraffin tissue samples. By immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections from the same histological blocks, analysed was expression of genes of interest at the protein level. Signal quantification in each TGCT component was performed by a clinical pathologist, after which I statistically processed the data. The results indicated a significant expression level of antigen OCT3/4 in cells of embryonal carcinoma, seminoma, and germ cell neoplasia in situ, and TDGF1 in cells of embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, and germ cell neoplasia in situ. The combination of staining for both antigens can distinguish the presence of seminoma in OCT3/4-stained tissues and teratoma in TDGF1-stained tissues

Expression of candidate biomarkers in human testicular germ cell tumor

Tumori zametnih stanica testisa (TGCT, od eng. testicular germ cell tumor) su heterogena skupina neoplazmi koja se dijeli na seminome i neseminome. Često se javljaju kao miješani tumori zametnih stanica. U svrhu postavljanja precizne dijagnoze i detekcije prisutnosti određenog histološkog podtipa, koriste se biomarkeri kao reproducibilni izvor objektivne informacije o zdravstvenom stanju pacijenta. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je istražiti specifičnost antigena OCT3/4 (gen POU5F1) i TDGF1 (gen TDGF1) na pojedine komponente TGCT-a i njihov potencijal kao dijagnostičkih biomarkera. Metode koje sam koristio su histološko bojenje, imunohistokemija i statistička obrada podataka. Nakon što sam histološki obojio rezove tkiva hemalum-eozinom, klinički patolog je utvrdio prisutnost i tip pojedinih komponenti unutar parafinskih uzoraka tkiva. Imunohistokemijskim bojenjem rezova tkiva iz istih histoloških blokova, analizirana je ekspresija gena od interesa na proteinskoj razini. Kvantifikaciju signala u pojedinoj TGCT komponenti proveo je klinički patolog, nakon čega sam proveo statističku obradu podataka. Rezultati su ukazali na značajnu razinu ekspresije antigena OCT3/4 u stanicama embrionalnog karcinoma, seminoma i neoplazije zametnih stanica in situ, te TDGF1 u stanicama embrionalnog karcinoma, teratoma i neoplazije zametnih stanica in situ. Kombinacijom bojenja na oba antigena može se razlikovati prisutnost seminoma u tkivima bojanim s OCT3/4 i teratoma u tkivima bojanim s TDGF1.Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that are divided into seminomas and nonseminomas. Often, they occur as mixed germ cell tumors. In order to make an accurate diagnosis and detect the presence of a certain histological subtype, biomarkers are used as a reproducible source of objective information about the patient's health status. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the specificity of the antigen OCT3/4 (gene POU5F1) and TDGF1 (gene TDGF1) on individual components of TGCT and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers. The methods I used were histological staining, immunohistochemistry, and statistical data processing. After histological staining of tissue sections with hemalum-eosin, a clinical pathologist determined the presence of individual component within the paraffin tissue samples. By immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections from the same histological blocks, analysed was expression of genes of interest at the protein level. Signal quantification in each TGCT component was performed by a clinical pathologist, after which I statistically processed the data. The results indicated a significant expression level of antigen OCT3/4 in cells of embryonal carcinoma, seminoma, and germ cell neoplasia in situ, and TDGF1 in cells of embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, and germ cell neoplasia in situ. The combination of staining for both antigens can distinguish the presence of seminoma in OCT3/4-stained tissues and teratoma in TDGF1-stained tissues

Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Tissue Biomarker Analysis: A Comparison of Human Protein Atlas and Individual Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Component Immunohistochemistry

The accurate management of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) depends on identifying the individual histological tumor components. Currently available data on protein expression in TGCTs are limited. The human protein atlas (HPA) is a comprehensive resource presenting the expression and localization of proteins across tissue types and diseases. In this study, we have compared the data from the HPA with our in-house immunohistochemistry on core TGCT diagnostic genes to test reliability and potential biomarker genes. We have compared the protein expression of 15 genes in TGCT patients and non-neoplastic testicles with the data from the HPA. Protein expression was converted into diagnostic positivity. Our study discovered discrepancies in three of the six core TGCT diagnostic genes, POU5F1, KIT and SOX17 in HPA. DPPA3, CALCA and TDGF1 were presented as potential novel TGCT biomarkers. MGMT was confirmed while RASSF1 and PRSS21 were identified as biomarkers of healthy testicular tissue. Finally, SALL4, SOX17, RASSF1 and PRSS21 dysregulation in the surrounding testicular tissue with complete preserved spermatogenesis of TGCT patients was detected, a potential early sign of neoplastic transformation. We highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary collaborative approach to fully understand the protein landscape of human testis and its pathologies