HIC1 (hypermethylated in cancer 1) SUMOylation is dispensable for DNA repair but is essential for the apoptotic DNA damage response (DDR) to irreparable DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs).

The tumor suppressor gene HIC1 (Hypermethylated In Cancer 1) encodes a transcriptional repressor mediating the p53-dependent apoptotic response to irreparable DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through direct transcriptional repression of SIRT1. HIC1 is also essential for DSB repair as silencing of endogenous HIC1 in BJ-hTERT fibroblasts significantly delays DNA repair in functional Comet assays. HIC1 SUMOylation favours its interaction with MTA1, a component of NuRD complexes. In contrast with irreparable DSBs induced by 16-hours of etoposide treatment, we show that repairable DSBs induced by 1 h etoposide treatment do not increase HIC1 SUMOylation or its interaction with MTA1. Furthermore, HIC1 SUMOylation is dispensable for DNA repair since the non-SUMOylatable E316A mutant is as efficient as wt HIC1 in Comet assays. Upon induction of irreparable DSBs, the ATM-mediated increase of HIC1 SUMOylation is independent of its effector kinase Chk2. Moreover, irreparable DSBs strongly increase both the interaction of HIC1 with MTA1 and MTA3 and their binding to the SIRT1 promoter. To characterize the molecular mechanisms sustained by this increased repression potential, we established global expression profiles of BJ-hTERT fibroblasts transfected with HIC1-siRNA or control siRNA and treated or not with etoposide. We identified 475 genes potentially repressed by HIC1 with cell death and cell cycle as the main cellular functions identified by pathway analysis. Among them, CXCL12, EPHA4, TGFβR3 and TRIB2, also known as MTA1 target-genes, were validated by qRT-PCR analyses. Thus, our data demonstrate that HIC1 SUMOylation is important for the transcriptional response to non-repairable DSBs but dispensable for DNA repair

Cyclin D1 Stability Is Partly Controlled by O-GlcNAcylation

Cyclin D1 is the regulatory partner of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) CDK4 or CDK6. Once associated and activated, the cyclin D1/CDK complexes drive the cell cycle entry and G1 phase progression in response to extracellular signals. To ensure their timely and accurate activation during cell cycle progression, cyclin D1 turnover is finely controlled by phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Here we show that the dynamic and reversible O-linked β-N-Acetyl-glucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) regulates also cyclin D1 half-life. High O-GlcNAc levels increase the stability of cyclin D1, while reduction of O-GlcNAcylation strongly decreases it. Moreover, elevation of O-GlcNAc levels through O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibition significantly slows down the ubiquitination of cyclin D1. Finally, biochemical and cell imaging experiments in human cancer cells reveal that the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) binds to and glycosylates cyclin D1. We conclude that O-GlcNAcylation promotes the stability of cyclin D1 through modulating its ubiquitination

Proteomics and PUGNAcity will overcome questioning of insulin resistance induction by nonselective inhibition of O-GlcNAcase

PTMs are the ultimate elements that perfect the existence and the activity of proteins. Owing to PTM, not less than 500 millions biological activities arise from approximately 20 000 protein-coding genes in human. Hundreds of PTM were characterized in living beings among which is a large variety of glycosylations. Many compounds have been developed to tentatively block each kind of glycosylation so as to study their biological functions but due to their complexity, many off-target effects were reported. Insulin resistance exemplifies this problem. Several independent groups described that inhibiting the removal of O-GlcNAc moieties using O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbamate (PUGNAc), a nonselective inhibitor of the nuclear and cytoplasmic O-GlcNAcase, induced insulin resistance both in vivo and ex vivo. The development of potent and highly selective O-GlcNAcase inhibitors called into question that elevated O-GlcNAcylation levels are responsible for insulin resistance; these compounds not recapitulating the insulin-desensitizing effect of PUGNAc. To tackle this intriguing problem, a South Korean group recently combined ATP-affinity chromatography and gel-assisted digestion to identify proteins, differentially expressed upon treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with PUGNAc, involved in protein turnover and insulin signaling

Implication of O-GlcNAc in the regulation of the oocyte G2/M transition and the early embryogenesis in Xenopus laevis

La O-GlcNAc est une glycosylation dynamique, résidente du cytosol et du noyau, participant à la régulation de processus biologiques tels que le cycle cellulaire et l'embryogenèse. Nos travaux ont porté dans un premier temps sur le contrôle par la O-GlcNAc de la reprise méiotique de l'ovocyte deXenopus laevis, processus analogue à la transition G2/M du cycle cellulaire. Cette transition G2/M est caractérisée par l'activation simultanée du M-phase Promoting Factor, facteur universel d'entrée en phase M et de la voie MAPK-Erk2, et par une augmentation du niveau de O-GlcNAc. Nous avons démontré que cette augmentation de O-GlcNAc était primordiale pour la reprise méiotique ovocytaire puisque l'inhibition de l'OGT, l'enzyme transférant le résidu de GlcNAc, empêche la transition G2/M de l'ovocyte alors que sa surexpression accélère ce phénomène. Nous avons identifié 24 protéines dont le niveau de O-GlcNAc augmente au cours de la reprise méiotique dont des protéines du cytosquelette, la kinase erk2, la phosphatase PP2A, des enzymes de la glycolyse et des protéines ribosomales. Nous avons également entrepris l'étude des variations de O-GlcNAc, d'OGT et d'UDP-GlcNAc au cours de l'ovogenèse et de l'embryogenèse précoce chez Xenopus laevis et avons montré que la dynamique de la O-GlcNAc était complexe tout au long de ces deux processus. Notamment, nous avons observé une diminution drastique et transitoire de la O-GlcNAc au début de la gastrulation suggérant une implication de la glycosylation dans les phénomènes de migration cellulaire caractéristiques de cette étape du développement mettant en place les trois feuillets embryonnaires à l'origine de tous les tissus de l'adulte.O-GlcNAc is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification found within the cytosol and the nucleus that take part in the regulation of many cellular processes among which cell cycle and embryogenesis. First, our works have focused on the study of O-GlcNAc implication in the control of Xenopus laevis oocyte meiotic resumption, a process analogous to the G2/M transition of the cell cycle. This G2/M transition is characterized by the simultaneous activation of the M-phase Promoting Factor, the universal regulator of the M-Phase entry and of the MAPK-Erk2 pathway but also by a sudden increase in the oocyte O-GlcNAc content. We have demonstrated that this O-GlcNAc increase was essential for meiotic resumption since the inhibition of OGT, the enzyme transferring the O-GlcNAc, prevents the oocyte G2/M transition whereas OGT overexpression accelerates this process. We identified 24 proteins that O-GlcNAc modification increases during meiotic resumption among which cytoskeletal proteins, the kinase erk2, the phosphatase PP2A, several glycolysis enzymes and sorne ribosomal proteins. Second, we have undertaken the study of O-GlcNAc, OGT and UDP-GlcNAc variations during the oogenesis and the early development of Xenopus laevis and we showed that the O-GlcNAc dynamism is intricate from the Xenopus oogenesis to embryogenesis. ln particular, we observed a drastic and transitory O-GlcNAc decrease at the onset of gastrulation, suggesting a role for O-GlcNAc in the regulation of cell migration characteristic of this stage of development since it permits the generation of the three germ layers, precursors ofthe whole adult tissues

O-GlcNAcylation: A New Cancer Hallmark ?

O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible post-translational modification consisting in the addition of a sugar moiety to serine/threonine residues of cytosolic or nuclear proteins. Catalyzed by O-GlcNAc-transferase (OGT) and removed by O-GlcNAcase, this dynamic modification is dependent on environmental glucose concentration. O-GlcNAcylation regulates the activities of a wide panel of proteins involved in almost all aspects of cell biology. As a nutrient sensor, O-GlcNAcylation can relay the effects of excessive nutritional intake, an important cancer risk factor, on protein activities and cellular functions. Indeed, O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to play a significant role in cancer development through different mechanisms. O-GlcNAcylation and OGT levels are increased in different cancers (breast, prostate, colon…) and vary during cell cycle progression. Modulating their expression or activity can alter cancer cell proliferation and/or invasion. Interestingly, major oncogenic factors have been shown to be directly O-GlcNAcylated (p53, MYC, NFκB, β-catenin…). Furthermore, chromatin dynamics is modulated by O-GlcNAc. DNA methylation enzymes of the Tet family, involved epigenetic alterations associated with cancer, were recently found to interact with and target OGT to multi-molecular chromatin-remodeling complexes. Consistently, histones are subjected to O-GlcNAc modifications which regulate their function. Increasing number of evidences point out the central involvement of O-GlcNAcylation in tumorigenesis, justifying the attention received as a potential new approach for cancer treatment. However, comprehension of the underlying mechanism remains at its beginnings. Future challenge will be to address directly the role of O-GlcNAc-modified residues in oncogenic-related proteins to eventually propose novel strategies to alter cancer development and/or progression

Implication de la O-GlcNAc dans la régulation de la transition G2/M ovocytaire et l'embryogenèse précoce chez Xenopus Laevis

La O-GlcNAc est une glycosylation dynamique, résidente du cytosol et du noyau, participant à la régulation de processus biologiques tels que le cycle cellulaire et l'embryogenèse. Nos travaux ont porté dans un premier temps sur le contrôle par la O-GlcNAc de la reprise méiotique de l'ovocyte deXenopus laevis, processus analogue à la transition G2/M du cycle cellulaire. Cette transition G2/M est caractérisée par l'activation simultanée du M-phase Promoting Factor, facteur universel d'entrée en phase M et de la voie MAPK-Erk2, et par une augmentation du niveau de O-GlcNAc. Nous avons démontré que cette augmentation de O-GlcNAc était primordiale pour la reprise méiotique ovocytaire puisque l'inhibition de l'OGT, l'enzyme transférant le résidu de GlcNAc, empêche la transition G2/M de l'ovocyte alors que sa surexpression accélère ce phénomène. Nous avons identifié 24 protéines dont le niveau de O-GlcNAc augmente au cours de la reprise méiotique dont des protéines du cytosquelette, la kinase erk2, la phosphatase PP2A, des enzymes de la glycolyse et des protéines ribosomales. Nous avons également entrepris l'étude des variations de O-GlcNAc, d'OGT et d'UDP-GlcNAc au cours de l'ovogenèse et de l'embryogenèse précoce chez Xenopus laevis et avons montré que la dynamique de la O-GlcNAc était complexe tout au long de ces deux processus. Notamment, nous avons observé une diminution drastique et transitoire de la O-GlcNAc au début de la gastrulation suggérant une implication de la glycosylation dans les phénomènes de migration cellulaire caractéristiques de cette étape du développement mettant en place les trois feuillets embryonnaires à l'origine de tous les tissus de l'adulte.O-GlcNAc is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification found within the cytosol and the nucleus that take part in the regulation of many cellular processes among which cell cycle and embryogenesis. First, our works have focused on the study of O-GlcNAc implication in the control of Xenopus laevis oocyte meiotic resumption, a process analogous to the G2/M transition of the cell cycle. This G2/M transition is characterized by the simultaneous activation of the M-phase Promoting Factor, the universal regulator of the M-Phase entry and of the MAPK-Erk2 pathway but also by a sudden increase in the oocyte O-GlcNAc content. We have demonstrated that this O-GlcNAc increase was essential for meiotic resumption since the inhibition of OGT, the enzyme transferring the O-GlcNAc, prevents the oocyte G2/M transition whereas OGT overexpression accelerates this process. We identified 24 proteins that O-GlcNAc modification increases during meiotic resumption among which cytoskeletal proteins, the kinase erk2, the phosphatase PP2A, several glycolysis enzymes and sorne ribosomal proteins. Second, we have undertaken the study of O-GlcNAc, OGT and UDP-GlcNAc variations during the oogenesis and the early development of Xenopus laevis and we showed that the O-GlcNAc dynamism is intricate from the Xenopus oogenesis to embryogenesis. ln particular, we observed a drastic and transitory O-GlcNAc decrease at the onset of gastrulation, suggesting a role for O-GlcNAc in the regulation of cell migration characteristic of this stage of development since it permits the generation of the three germ layers, precursors ofthe whole adult tissues.LILLE1-Bib. Electronique (590099901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Implication de la O-GlcNAc dans la régulation de la transition G2/M ovocytaire et l"embryogenèse précoce chez Xénopus laevis

LILLE1-BU (590092102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Introduction to bioethics through mobilization of critical thinking skills

[EN] A course design to ‘learn by doing’ and to encourage critical thinking and reflective abilities, was initiated in the context of bioethics teaching. Critical thinking is a process that transcends disciplines, committing students to be actors of their learning. The course design combines formal teaching sequences, group work sequences and interactions (or exchanges between students). The students are confronted with authentic cases bringing values into conflict, ​​which they will have to present. Using evaluation grids the students have designed, they can self-assess and assess their peers. They also benefit from teacher feedback between their oral presentations. The impact of the course design was assessed by analyzing student productions, using a questionnaire and performing group interviews. The data collected suggested that the students are particularly invested in their learning, while becoming aware of the objectives targeted by these teaching. Several strong points were raised and are discussed in this communication.Canu, M.; Dehennaut, V.; Dupont, E.; Pauwels, M.; Bodart, J. (2022). Introduction to bioethics through mobilization of critical thinking skills. En 8th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd'22). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 11-19. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd22.2022.14463111

The NLRP6 protein is very faintly expressed in several normal and cancerous epithelial cells and may be confused with an unrelated protein.

Nod-Like Receptor Pyrin domain-containing protein 6 (NLRP6), a member of the Nucleotide-oligomerization domain-Like Receptor (NLR) family of proteins, assembles together with the ASC protein to form an inflammasome upon stimulation by bacterial lipoteichoic acid and double-stranded DNA. Besides its expression in myeloid cells, NLRP6 is also expressed in intestinal epithelial cells where it may contribute to the maintenance of gut homeostasis and negatively controls colorectal tumorigenesis. Here, we report that NLRP6 is very faintly expressed in several colon cancer cell lines, detected only in cytoplasmic small dots were it colocalizes with ASC. Consequently, it is very hardly detected by standard western-blotting techniques by several presently available commercial antibodies which, in contrast, highly cross-react with a protein of 90kDa that we demonstrate to be unrelated to NLRP6. We report here these results to caution the community not to confuse the 90kDa protein with the endogenous human NLRP6