113 research outputs found

    Optimising the future Belgian offshore wind farm monitoring programme

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    Six years of monitoring triggered a reflection on how to best continue with the monitoring programme. The basic monitoring has to be rationalised at the level of the likelihood of impact detection, the meaningfulness of impact size and representativeness of the findings. Targeted monitoring should continue to disentangle processes behind the observed impact, for instance the overarching artificial reef effect created by wind farms. The major challenge however remains to achieve a reliable assessment of the cumulative impacts. Continuing consultation and collaboration within the Belgian offshore wind farm monitoring team and with foreign marine scientists and managers will ensure an optimisation of the future monitoring programme

    "Matrix" effects in ToF-SIMS analyses of styrene-methyl methacrylate random copolymers

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    Surfaces of several styrene (St)-methyl methacrylate (MMA) random copolymers have been analyzed by ToF-SIMS and XPS in order to detect any possible surface segregation of one of the two components and/or any specific matrix effect in the fragmentation processes. The observed O/(O + C) dependency on styrene content observed by XPS indicates that styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymers exhibit bulklike surfaces over the entire composition range of the copolymer. The absolute intensity of characteristic peaks from styrene or methyl methacrylate units was monitored by ToF-SIMS as a function of the styrene content. In positive mode, hydrocarbon fragments such as CH3+, C2H3+, C2H5+, C5H5+, and C7H9+ at m/z = 15, 27, 29, 65, and 93, respectively, decreased with increasing styrene content, while the intensities of MMA fragments decreased. All fragments exhibited intensity lower than that expected from a simple linear combination calculated from intensities associated with the MMA. and St homopolymers. By contrast, some characteristic styrene peaks (such as C5H3+, C7H7+, C8H7+, and C8H9+ at m/z = 63, 91, 103, and 105, respectively) showed an absolute intensity higher than those observed for PSt and PMMA. In negative mode, fragments such as OH- and C2HO- at mit = 17 and 41 exhibited linear dependence with styrene content at the surface. Intensities for other MMA characteristic fragments such as C3H3O-, C4H5O2-, C8H13O2-, and C9H13O4- at mit = 55, 85, 141, and 185, respectively, strongly decreased with increasing styrene content. These experiments as well as previous work on polystyrenes show that specific interactions between adjacent species take place during secondary ion emission, especially for the C7H7+ fragment
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