Don\u27t trust anyone over 30: Parental legitimacy as a mediator between parenting style and changes in delinquent behavior over time

Both law and society scholars and developmental psychologists have focused on the legitimacy of authority figures, although in different domains (police versus parents). The purpose of the current research is to bridge these two fields by examining the relations among parenting style (i.e., authoritarian, authoritative, permissive), the perception of parental legitimacy, and changes in delinquency over time. It is hypothesized that parental legitimacy mediates the relation between parenting style and future delinquent behavior. Middle school and high school students completed questionnaires three times over a period of 18 months. Parenting style and delinquent behavior were measured at time 1, parental legitimacy at time 2, and delinquency again at time 3. The results show that authoritative parenting was positively related to parental legitimacy, while authoritarian parenting was negatively associated with parental legitimacy. Furthermore, parental legitimacy was negatively associated with future delinquency. Structural equation modeling indicated that parental legitimacy mediated the relation between parenting styles and changes in delinquency over the 18-month time period. The implications for parenting style and parental legitimacy affecting delinquent behavior are discussed

The relationship between gender and delinquency: Assessing the mediating role of anticipated guilt

Purpose: Gender differences in delinquency are well-documented, with dominant explanations drawing largely on control, strain, and learning theories. We suggest that gender differences in guilt mediate a substantial portion of gender\u27s association with delinquency over and above variables derived from these theories. Methods: We use negative binomial regression and path analysis to test this assertion using data collected from a convenience sample of middle-school and high-school students in a Northeastern region of the United States. Results: Results suggest that variables derived from control and learning theories may explain part of the gender gap in delinquency, but that a larger portion of the gender gap is due to gender differences in anticipated guilt. Conclusions: Anticipated guilt appears to reflect a critical component of the explanation for why males engage in higher levels of delinquency than females, and future research should therefore pay greater attention to identifying the factors that influence interpersonal differences in the experience of guilt

Rejuvenation of Sequoia sempervirens by Repeated Grafting of Shoot Tips onto Juvenile Rootstocks in Vitro : Model for Phase Reversal of Trees

Repeated grafting of 1.5-centimeter long shoot tips from an adult Sequoia sempervirens tree onto fresh, rooted juvenile stem cuttings in vitro resulted in progressive restoration of juvenile traits. After four successive grafts, stem cuttings of previously adult shoots rooted as well, branched as profusely, and grew with as much or more vigor as those of seedling shoots. Reassays disclosed retention for 3 years of rooting competence at similar levels as originally restored. Adventitious shoot formation was remanifested and callus development was depressed in stem segments from the repeatedly grafted adult. The reversion was associated with appearance and disappearance of distinctive leaf proteins. Neither gibberellic acid nor N(6)-beneyladenine as nutrient supplements duplicated the graft effects