The determination of major and some minor constituents in lead zirconate-titanate compositions by x-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry

An accurate X-ray fluorescence spectrometric method is described for the determination of lead, zirconium and titanium in lead zirconate-titanate ceramics. Careful matching of samples and standards by a borax fusion method resulted in a relative standard deviation of about 0.2% for the major constituents. The determination, after separation, of the unreacted oxide of lead by atomic absorption spectrometry, and of the unreacted oxides of zirconium and titanium by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is also described. An X-ray fluorescence spectrometric method is proposed for the determination of dope elements (K, La, Sm, Yb) with internal standards (Ca, Ce, Cr, Ni respectively). The magnesium dope is determined by atomic-absorption spectrometry with standard addition

Two calculation procedures for the determination of composition and mass thickness of thin samples by x-ray spectrometry

Two procedures are described for calculating the composition and mass thickness of thin samples from measured x-ray intensities. One procedure is suitable for use with a programmable hand calculator but gives correct results only for very thin samples. The other procedure utilizes the NRLXRF program and produces correct results for thin and thick films

Gettin\u27 Some Age on Me: Social Organization of Older People in a Rural American Community

The social life of older rural Americans is made up of relationships formed through kinship, their neighborhoods, and the organizations to which they belong. These social institutions are shaped by the ways people use them, and therefore change through time. In this precedent-setting study, John van Willigen uses the concept of social network to investigate life-course changes in the relationships of older people within the context of community history. Gettin\u27 Some Age on Me grew out of a study of more than 130 older people in a rural Kentucky county. They were interviewed concerning their relationships with others, and data were collected on the give and take of support that is part of their social life. An understanding of community life and history, developed through interviews and period documentation, provided a context for understanding the changes these people have experienced over time. Finally, related studies by other researchers provided a framework for interpreting rural and urban differences. Van Willigen skillfully interweaves these various accounts to reveal fundamentally important patterns. It is clear that these other people should be viewed not as dependent and isolated but as important sources for social support; that even though their social relationships decline in number late in life, early in the post retirement period there is an apparent increase in social involvement; and that older people are much less isolated in the rural community studied than in many urban areas. This book makes a substantial contribution to the very limited literature on aging in rural America. It is important reading for social gerontologists and for all social scientists with an interest in American communities. John van Willigen is professor of anthropology at the University of Kentucky and the author of many books, including Tobacco Culture: Farming Kentucky\u27s Burley Belt and Food and Everyday Life on Kentucky Family Farms, 1920-1950. One of the standards in the study of social-network analysis. —American Journal of Sociology Well written and rich in empirical material. —American Anthropologisthttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_gerontology/1004/thumbnail.jp

Zeldzame vissen in het IJsselmeergebied : jaarrapport 2002

In deze rapportage wordt een overzicht gegeven van de vangsten in de periode 1994 t/m 2002, waarbij voor de hele periode een selectie gemaakt is van de vissers die gedurende de laatste twee jaren de bemonstering uitgevoerd hebben. Van negen zeldzame soorten (waaronder vijf rode lijstsoorten) presenteren we verspreiding in de ruimte en tijd, lengtefrequentieverdelingen, rijpheidsstadia en geslachtsverhoudingen

Tobacco Culture: Farming Kentucky\u27s Burley Belt

Whereas most crops drive farmers apart as they compete for the best prices, the price controls on tobacco bring growers together. The result is a culture unlike any other in America, one often forgotten or overlooked as federal and state governments fight over the spoils of the tobacco settlement. Tobacco Culture describes the process of raising a crop of burley from the perspective and experience of the farmers themselves. In the process of gathering information for the book, the authors performed most steps in the tobacco production process, from dropping plants, burning seedbeds, topping, and cutting to stripping and baling the finished product. Van Willigen and Eastwood document both present practices and historical developments in tobacco farming at the very moment a way of life stands poised for dramatic change. In addition to growing practices, the authors found other common threads linking growers and tobacco producing regions. Where tobacco is grown, it often becomes the major cash crop and carries the health of the economy. Farmer Oscar Richardson states, “It’s bread and butter. It’s the industry of the community, the state as a whole. . . . You take tobacco out of Kentucky and this farmland wouldn’t be worth a nickel.” Combining cultural anthropology and oral history, John van Willigen and Susan Eastwood have created a remarkable portrait of the heart of the burley belt in Central Kentucky. Relays in vivid terms the extraordinary process of cultivating this most delicate and difficult plant. -- Agricultural History Commendable for publishing a body of intrinsically interesting local knowledge that would otherwise be hidden away in Kentucky archives. -- American Anthropologist Uses interviews from scores of farmers, giving a perspective not often found in books about the industry. -- G21 Books Compared with other books about the controversial but colorful history of tobacco in America, Tobacco Culture is valuable precisely because its authors understand the work. . . . This book allows farmers to speak for themselves. -- Lexington Herald-Leader An understanding of the cultural significance and history of a crop that, as much as horse races and beautiful women and whiskey, has defined Kentucky life. -- Southern Seen A much needed examination at a time of incredible change, Tobacco Culture effectively utilizes oral histories to offer first-hand accounts of tobacco production in the words of tobacco farmers themselves. -- Terry Birdwhistellhttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_cultural_history/1006/thumbnail.jp

A borax fusion technique for quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis

A borax fusion technique to cast glass discs for quantitative X-ray analysis is described in detail. The method is based on the “nonwetting” properties of a Pt/Au alloy towards molten borax, on the favourable composition of the flux and finally on the favourable form of the casting mould. The critical points of the technique are stressed, resulting in a method which could be carried out successfully by inexperienced workers. In general the method compares favourably in speed and accuracy with wet-chemical methods

Organized Resistance to an Imposed Environmental Change: A Resevoir in Eastern Kentucky

This is a case study of a group organized to resist the construction of an Army Corps of Engineers reservoir project located in Eastern Kentucky, More specifically the account describes how a group of landowners organized themselves and enacted an increasingly complex strategy of resistance. Within this framework perceived costs, leadership and authority and group organization are considered. The primary method employed in this research was that of repeated interviews with members of the resistance organization who were identified as key informants. These interviews were carried out on both structured and unstructured bases. The formal analysis of the voluntary association data emphasizes the process of resistance, That is, the report depicts the evolution of persisting resistance organization. The conclusions include recommendations to both project resisters and project planners