An analysis of the indicators affecting urban household food insecurity in the informal settlement area of the Cape Town Metropole

Households in the informal settlement areas of the Cape Town Metropole face different challenges in terms of poverty and food security. Challenges are determined by the social and economic circumstances these households subside in. Many initiatives by the Western Cape Department of Agriculture was initiated to aid households in these areas. Some of the initiatives include the implementation of urban household and community food gardens assisted by the Department’s extension division. A thorough analysis of these indicators is imperative to initiate development planning. The results showed that 26.1% of household heads completed school, while 33.8% did not reach secondary school (grade 7). The average household size is 4.29 persons in the study area. The average age of household head was 48 and 50.64 years for non-farmer groups and urban farming households respectively. The average monthly income per household was R3543.22. The main source of income generated throughout the year derived from formal salaries or wages (46.4%), while child support grants and pension funds also contributed towards income. Expenditure factors accounts for 20.4% of the variance of factors affecting food security. The expenditure component is comprised by the share of food expenditure on income, the total value of food consumed and the household diet diversity score. The socio-economic indicators component forms the second largest component group (15.15%), while the components with a lesser effect include a food security component, an urban farming component and a geographical and market component.Keywords: Urban Agriculture, household gardens, community gardens, food security, household size, age, gender, education level, migrant workers, household incom

Moet ons die Belydenis van Belhar (1986) as 'n nuwe Belydenisskrif aanvaar ?

Can we accept the Confession of Belhar (1986) as a new doctrinal confession? The possibility exists that the Dutch Refonned Church (DRC) could stop the process of church unity in its own family due to its refusal to accept The Confession 1986 (Confession of Belhar) as a fourth reformed confession. In this article the question of acceptance is examined from four perspectives and it is concluded that it should be accepted if the DRC wants to gain credibility. First the nature, characteristics and history of confessions oblige the Church in difficult situations to adopt new confessions. Secondly the history of the DRC and its family makes it imperative to overcome the gulf between believers from the same tradition through the "language of confession". Thirdly the main contents of the confession is biblically sound while absolutism of different kinds is avoided. Lastly it is argued that the confession satisfies the requirement for both contextual relevance and universal applicability.Continued 2001 as 'Verbum et Ecclesia'Spine cut of Journal binding and pages scanned on flatbed EPSON Expression 10000 XL; 400dpi; text/lineart - black and white - stored to Tiff Derivation: Abbyy Fine Reader v.9 work with PNG-format (black and white); Photoshop CS3; Adobe Acrobat v.9 Web display format PDFhttp://explore.up.ac.za/record=b102527

Personal-ethical perspectives in the work of Etienne de Villiers

With a mixture of hesitation and gratitude, the author undertook a reflection from a pastor’s viewpoint on Etienne de Villiers’s personal-ethical contributions to date. The distinguishing term ‘personal’ in ‘personal ethics’ is problematic, but the discussion thereof provided an opportunity to demonstrate that De Villiers did not develop a narrowed individual ethic, and decidedly also did not elect to take the route of Dilschneider’s ‘personal ethics’, but provided valuable contributions on ethical issues of a more personal nature. De Villiers’s greatest contribution concerns fundamental ethics which, viewed from the perspective of our history, as well as from our current situation, is now most essential for authenticity. This more fundamental focus on ethics has numerous implications for social ethics and also for more personal ethics.http://www.ve.org.zaam2013mn201

In vitro cultivation of Babesia occultans

Babesia occultans, the causative agent of a benign form of cattle babesiosis in South Africa, was continuously cultivated in microaerophilous stationary-phase culture. A modified medium, 199, supplemented with either 40% (v/v) bovine or 40% (v/v) horse serum, was used. Cultures were initiated in a humidified atmosphere containing 2% 0₂, 5% C0₂, and 93% N₂. The highest percentage of parasitized erythrocytes (PPE) reached 4,5% in horse-serum- and 2,4% in bovine-serum-supplemented medium. Parasite suspensions were cryopreserved and successfully resuscitated.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat X Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.mn201

Sensitization behaviour of 11-12% Cr AISI 409 stainless steel during low heat input welding

The study comprised of the investigation into the sensitization characteristics of AISI 409 titanium stabilized ferritic stainless steel during low heat input welding. AISI 409 is a fully ferritic stainless steel used in catalytic converters and tubing for automotive exhaust systems due to the supposition that sensitization does not occur during low heat input welding. Two plates of 2 and 4 mm were tested for sensitization during low heat input welding. The study confirmed that chromium carbide (M23C6) precipitation occurs on the grain boundaries in the heat-affected zone with consequent depletion of Cr adjacent to the grain boundaries during welding. In the 2 mm plate sensitization occurred in the heat input range of 0.1 kJ/mm to above 0.25 kJ/mm and in the 4 mm plate sensitization occurred in the heat input range of 0.2 to 0.9 kJ/mm. Ti stabilization is ineffective at the heat inputs used in this investigation due to the rapid cooling rate through the temperature region where TiC precipitates. The presence of N was found to be detrimental since it consumes Ti on cooling, forming TiN, effectively lowering the amount of Ti available for TiC formation during rapid cooling after welding. Annealing for 5 minutes at 725°C does not improve the sensitization characteristics of the welded plate. There is a linear increase in grain size as heat input increases. The resistance to pitting corrosion decreases in the sensitized, welded plate in the heat-affected zone adjacent to the fusion line of welding.http://www.saimm.co.za

Cryogenic CMOS-based control system

This article describes the design and evaluation of a CMOS-based control system for use in cryogenic vacuum environments. A control system, with accompanying software, was designed to interface superconductive digital and sensor circuits in a cryocooler to portable computers at room temperature. It is designed to operate as close as possible to the superconductors to reduce thermal noise. The controller connects via a fibre optical RS-232 interface to any USB connector on a computer at a data rate of 1 Megabaud. The interface to the superconductor electronics consists of 16-bit ultra low-noise ADCs and DACs. Extensive research and testing was done on all components - both active and passive - to validate operation at 60 K. An integrated temperature control system was designed to ensure a stable temperature environment. Results are shown and discussed. ©2007 IEEE.Conference Pape

Cryogenic CMOS-based control system for superconductor electronics

This article describes the design and evaluation of a CMOS-based control system for use in Cryogenic vacuum environments. A control system, with accompanying software, was designed to interface superconductive digital and sensor circuits in a cryocooler to portable computers at room temperature. It is designed to operate as close as possible to the superconductors to reduce thermal noise. The controller connects via a fibre optical RS-232 interface to any Universal Serial Bus connector on a computer at a data rate of 1 Megabaud. The interface to the superconductor electronics consists of 16-bit ultra low-noise analogue to digital converters and digital to analogue converters. Extensive research and testing was done on all components - both active and passive - to validate operation at 60 K. An integrated temperature control system was designed to ensure a stable temperature environment. Results are shown and discussed.Articl

An automated system for impedance measurements in milk

Measurement of milk quality is important for commercial food safety and in the dairy processing industry. Several techniques have been investigated before, and measurements range from impedance detection time [1] [2] (for shelf-life prediction just after pasteurization) and conductivity [3] [4] [5] (mostly for mastitis detection) to pH and capacitance [6]. Most techniques use invasive probes, for which a good reference in milk is not yet available. This article discusses the design and results of an automated measurement system used to characterize impedance probes for bacterial content measurement in milk. With a reliable, repeatable measurement system, probe characterization and calibration is improved, which leads to faster and more accurate measurements of bacterial content and remaining shelf-life. ©2007 IEEE.Conference Pape